A molecule with a dipole moment $p$ is placed in an electric field of strength $E$. Initially the dipole is aligned parallel to the field. If the dipole is to be rotated to be anti-parallel to the field, the work required to be done by an external agent is
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(d) $W = PE(1 - \cos \theta )$ here $\theta = 180^o$
$W = PE\,(1 - \cos {180^o})$ = $PE\,[1 - ( - 1)] = 2PE$
$W = PE\,(1 - \cos {180^o})$ = $PE\,[1 - ( - 1)] = 2PE$
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