Question
Classify the following functions as injection, surjection or bijection:
f : R → R, defined by f(x) = x3 - x

Answer

f : R → R, defined by f(x) = x3 - x

Injective: Let $\text{x, y}\in\text{R}$ such that,

f(x) = f(y)

⇒ x3 - x = y3 - y

⇒ x3 - y3 - (x - y) = 0

⇒ (x - y)(x2 + xy + y2 - 1) = 0

$\because\ \text{x}^2+\text{xy}+\text{y}^2\geq0$

$\Rightarrow\ \text{x}^2+\text{xy}+\text{y}^2-1\geq-1$

$\therefore\ \text{x}^2+\text{xy}+\text{y}^2-1\neq0$

$\Rightarrow \text{x}-\text{y}=0\Rightarrow \text{x}=\text{y}$

$\therefore$ f is one-one.

Surjective: Let $\text{y}\in\text{R},$ then

f(x) = y

⇒ x3 - x - y = 0

We know that a degree 3 equation has atleast one real solution.

Let $\text{x}=\alpha$ be that real solution

$\therefore\ \alpha^2-\alpha=\text{y}$

$\Rightarrow\ \text{f}(\alpha)=\text{y}$

$\therefore$ For each $\text{y}\in\text{R,}$ there exist $\text{x}=\alpha\in\text{R}$

such that $\text{f}(\alpha)=\text{y}$

$\therefore$ f is onto.

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