Answer the following questions in detail.

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1. Comment on the pattern in which all communities undergo a change in composition and structure with changing environmental conditions. 2. Explain 'Climax community' and 'Sere'. 3. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession with examples.

Vidyadip · Accepted Answer

1. The composition and structure of all communities constantly change in response to the changing environmental conditions. This change is orderly and sequential, parallel with the changes in the physical environment. 2. The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area is called sere(s). The changes during ecological succession finally lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called a climax community. 3. Differences between primary succession and secondary succession are as follows: S. NO. Primary succession Secondary succession 1. It occurs in the bare land Secondary succession occurs in land denuded recently. 2. No soil is present at the beginning of primary succession. Soil is present at the beginning of secondary succession. 3. Humans is absent in the beginning. Humans is present from the begginning. 4. Pioneer community comes from outside Pioneer community develops partly from previous occupants and Partly from migrants. 5. Seral communities are many. Seral communities are a few. 6. It takes a long time for completion, 1000 Years or more, e.g. bare land. It takes less time for completion,50 200years,e.g. grass burnt land.

Event	Physical process
1. Soaking of Seeds	—————-
2. Water entering guard cells	—————-
3. Exchange of gases	—————
4. Loss of water in liquid form	—————
5. Water coming out through earthen pot	—————
6. Loss of water in vapour form	—————
7. Absorption of solutes passively by carrier	—————
8. Spreading of fragrance of incense stick	—————

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S. NO.	Primary succession	Secondary succession
1.	It occurs in the bare land	Secondary succession occurs in land denuded recently.
2.	No soil is present at the beginning of primary succession.	Soil is present at the beginning of secondary succession.
3.	Humans is absent in the beginning.	Humans is present from the begginning.
4.	Pioneer community comes from outside	Pioneer community develops partly from previous occupants and Partly from migrants.
5.	Seral communities are many.	Seral communities are a few.
6.	It takes a long time for completion, 1000 Years or more, e.g. bare land.	It takes less time for completion,50 200years,e.g. grass burnt land.

Ecosystems — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

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