Paths to Modernization — History STD 11 Humanities — Question

How did the exchange of goods between the European traders and the natives of NorthAmerica prove beneficial for the Europeans?

How was the reign of Augustus by 27 BC? Discuss.

The late Roman bureaucracy, both the higher and middle echelons, was a comparatively affluent group because it drew the bulk of its salary in gold and invested much of this in buying up assets like land. There was of course also a great deal of corruption, especially in the judicial system and in the administration of military supplies. The extortion of the higher bureaucracy and the greed of the provincial governors were proverbial. But government intervened repeatedly to curb these forms of corruption - we only know about them in the first place because of the laws that tried to put an end to them, and because historians and other members of the intelligentsia denounced such practices. This element of 'criticism' is a remarkable feature of the classical world. The Roman state was an authoritarian regime, in other words, dissent was rarely tolerated and government usually responded to protest with violence (especially in the cities of the East where people were often fearless in making fun of emperors). Yet a strong tradition of Roman law had emerged by the fourth century, and this acted as a brake on even the most fearsome emperors. Emperors were not free to do whatever they liked, and the law was actively used to protect civil rights. That is why in the later fourth century it was possible for powerful bishops like Ambrose to confront equally powerful emperors when they were excessively harsh or repressive in their handling of the civilian population.
Questions:

1. What was the main reason of corruption in administration of the Roman Empire?
2. What was the role of the Roman government in handling corruption that was widespread among the higher bureaucracy and provincial governors?
3. What do you know about law system of the Roman Empire?

Name any two French archaeologists who carried art excavation at Lagish. Describe in short about its ruler Gudea.

What was the policy of education in the Roman empire?

YASA
In 1221, after the conquest of Bukhara, Genghis Khan had assembled the rich Muslim residents at the festival ground and had admonished them. He called them sinners and warned them to compensate for their sins by parting with their hidden wealth. The episode was dramatic enough to be painted and for a long time afterwards people still remembered the incident. In the late sixteenth century, 'Abdullah Khan, a distant descendant of Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son, went to the same festival ground in Bukhara. Unlike Genghis Khan, however, 'Abdullah Khan went to perform his holiday prayers there. His chronicler, Hafiz-i Tanish, reported this performance of Muslim piety by his master and included the surprising comment: 'this was according to the yasa of Genghis Khan'.
Questions:

1. What is the meaning of Yasa?
2. After which conquest, Genghis Khan had assembled the rich Muslim residents at the festival ground?
3. What is the importance of Yasa?

Write a short note on the Mayan culture.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–94), a humanist of Florence, wrote on the importance of debate in On the Dignity of Man (1486).
‘For [Plato and Aristotle] it was certain that, for the attainment of the knowledge of truth they were always seeking for themselves, nothing is better than to attend as often as possible the exercise of debate. For just as bodily energy is strengthened by gymnastic exercise, so beyond doubt in this wrestling-place of letters, as it were, energy of mind becomes far stronger and more vigorous.'
Questions:

1. What do you know about Giovanni Pico della Mirandola? What did he write?
2. What did he say about the importance of debate in ‘On the Dignity of Man'?
3. Name the two spheres in which Renaissance brought about revolutionary changes.

The seventeenth century Europeans witnessed the world as different. Explain.

Discuss the condition of workers in England in context of Industrial Revolution.