4 Marks Each

Question

Discuss origin and growth of statistics.

Vidyadip · Accepted Answer

The origin and growth of statistics can be described as follows :
Origin of Statistics :

From the time of Mauryan empire $(321-296\ BC)$ the contribution of India in Statistics has been quite significant.
During the time of Mughal Empire, Akbar $(1596 – ‘97)$ mentioned statistical system in ‘Ain- I- Akbari’ written by Abul Fazal.
The German word ‘Statistik’ was first used by Gottfried Achen Wall in $1749$ for analysis of data of the state.
By $18th$ century, the term ‘statistics’ was used for systematic collection of data by states.
Statistics was formally introduce in Encyclopedia Britanic in $1797$.
In $17th$ and $18th$ century Laplace $(1749 - 1827)$ and Gauss $(1772-1855)$ presented the initial principles on probability.
In the late $19th$ and early $20th$ century Karl Pearson founded Mathematical Statistics. Galton and Karl Pearson used mathematical statistics in science, Industry and Politics.
During $1910$ and $1920$, Gosset and Fisher developed modern statistical science and applied in the fields such as genetics. biometry. psychology, education, agriculture. etc.
During, $1930$. role of E. Pearson and J. Neyman has been significant in the development of statistics. After that advanced methods of statisties were developed day-by-day.

Growth of Statistics in India :

Contribution of Prof. $P. C.$ Mahalanobis has been significant in growth of statistics in India. He has founded Indian Statistical Institute - $ISI$ in $1931$ at Kolkata. He started for the first time post graduate course in Statistics at Kolkata

University in $1941$.

In $1950$, Mahalanobis started National Sample Survey - $NSS$ and started data collection. ($NSS$ has been named as National Sample Survey Organisation -$NSSO$ at present.)
Indian Agriculture Statistics Research Institute - $IASRI$ has contributed a lot in the development of statistics in India.
Among the various definitions of statistics. the definition given by Croxton and Cowden is ‘Statistics is the science which deals with the collection, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.’
How a days, statistics is not only useful for quantitative data but also for qualitative data.
Statistics is considered as a part of scientific methods. An important branch of statistics is Operations Research -$OR$, which was used in the military projects during the second world war. The use of $OR$ in industries and for the government cannot be ignored.
The constructive development in statistical studies has considerably increascd its scope and importance.

Marks	$0-10$	$10-20$	$20-30$	$30-40$	$40-50$	$50-60$	$60-70$
No. of students	$3$	$5$	$12$	$16$	$11$	$5$	$4$

Lower boundary point or more than that	$44.5$	$49.5$	$54.5$	$59.5$	$64.5$	$69.5$	$74.5$	$79.5$
Cumulative frequency	$500$	$470$	$390$	$290$	$240$	$90$	$10$	$0$

No. of typing errors	$2$	$3$	$4$	$5$	$6$	$7$	$8$
No. of pages	$10$	$15$	$23$	$9$	$23$	$12$	$8$

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