EMERGING ISSUES IN INDIAN ECONOMY — Economics STD 12 Commerce — Question
Gujarat BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 CommerceEconomicsEMERGING ISSUES IN INDIAN ECONOMY3 Marks
Question
Discuss the effects of migration.
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Answer
By studying the effects of migration the government gets guidelines for framing policies related to migration.
The effects of migration from the perspective of economics can be studied as
$(A)$ Positive effects of migration
$(B)$ Negative effects of migration
$(A)$ Positive effects of migration:
$1.$ Growth of income:
People migrate mainly to either generate or increase their income.
People moving to cities from villages for livelihood send a major portion of their income to their families. This in turn improves the standard of living of people living in villages.
People also invest a part of this income in agriculture. This boosts agricultural production and productivity. Thus, agri-business and agro industries also grow with this.
$2.$ Contribution towards a faster economic development:
When Indians migrate to other countries, they send a part of their earnings to their families.
They also invest a part of their income in Indian businesses, trading and industries. The investment comes to India in foreign currency. Hence, our foreign exchange, increases which then results in faster economic growth and economic development of our country.
It should be noted that the migration has rised especially after the new economic reforms of $1991.$ This has led to greater inflow of foreign exchange in India and faster rise in its economic development.
Another advantage of migration is that when Indians go abroad for higher education they gain rich experience from the foreign systems and methodologies. When they return they use the same in India and help India develop more.
$(B)$ Negative effects of migration:
$1.$ Unregulated urbanization:
Poor migrants are generally very less educated and do not possess much skills. When they migrate from villages to cities they cannot afford to buy proper houses. Hence, they have to helplessly live in slums and in the city peripheries.
Hutments and slums expand. All this results in uncontrolled urbanization in cities.
$2.$ Shortage of infrastructural facilities:
Facilities in the cities are planned considering its population. Sharp rise in urbanization, hutments and dirty slum dwellings make it difficult for the city administrators to provide enough water, drainage, road, transportation, communication, toilets, education, school, health services, etc. considering the limited resources and budget.
As a result, serious problems like dirt, filth and life-threatening diseases spread among poor.
$3.$ Problem of environmental pollution:
Increased hutments and dirty slum dwellings give rise to shortage of toilets and drainage, waste removal system and hence increases environmental pollution.
Cities like Ahmedabad, Ankleshwar, Surat, Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, etc. are few of the top cities facing these problems at a large scale.
Over-migration in cities of Gujarat, especially Ahmedabad increases problem of transportation tremendously. Use of both public, as well as private transport increases and hence serious problems of air pollution, are created.
Migration also causes noise pollution and water pollution.
$4.$ Social evils:
At times, people who migrate from villages to cities in search of a higher and regular income are unable to get desired job or life style.
Owing to extreme poverty and helplessness sometimes these people get involved to antisocial activities like theft and loots which disturbs the social life of cities.
Social frictions arise because of differences in the language, culture, life style, etc. between migrants and local people.
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