Change and Development in Industrial Society — Sociology STD 12 Humanities — Question

Issues faced by 'Migrating Labour': As the question does not refer to any one specific category of "Migrating Labourers". It is difficult to assume that it concerns only with " Migrating agricultural Labourers "/Circulation of labour as presented in the original Marking scheme. The Syllabus covers - Industrial labour, those working in fish processing plants, gangs of brick yards workers, tea plantation labourers & those taken by the British to other parts of their colonies and also overseas migrants to Africa, Britain etc in contemporary times, Therefore, the students would get confused. This will simply make him/her give points related to issues pertaining to any period i.e. pre - independence, post - independence, recent times.Issues faced by "Migrating Labour":

1. Paid low wages.
2. Long working hours.
3. Poor working conditions.
4. Cramped, unhygienic living conditions.
5. Bare minimum benefits - medical, education of children, etc.
6. Job insecurity.
7. Contractual binding which is usually unfair to them.
8. Cut-off from their place of origin:- work far away, etc.
9. Easily exploited.
10. Work based on seasonal demand.
11. Increasing inequalities.
12. Breakdown of bonds of patronage.