Question
Explain Avogadro's concept.

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4 In the alkane H3C-CH2-C(CH3 )2-CH2-CH(CH3)2 , identify 1°,2°,3° carbon atoms and give the number of H atoms bonded to each one of these.
Write a relation between $\Delta\text{G}$ and Q and define the meaning of each term and answer the following:

  1. Why a reaction proceeds forward when Q < K and no net reaction occurs when Q = K?
  2. Explain the effect of increase in pressure in terms of reaction quotient Q.

For the reaction,

What is Stoichiometry of reaction? What is its use in chemistry.
Calculate the volume of water required to dissolve 0.1g lead (II) chloride to get a saturated solution.
(Ksp of PbCl2 = 3.2 × 10–8 , atomic mass of Pb = 207u).
When an electric discharge is passed through hydrogen gas, the hydrogen molecules dissociate to produce excited hydrogen atoms. These excited atoms emit electromagnetic radiation of discrete frequencies which can be given by the general formula.
$\bar{\text{v}}=109677\frac{1}{\text{n}^2_\text{i}}-\frac{1}{\text{n}_\text{f}^2}$
What points of Bohr’s model of an atom can be used to arrive at this formula? Based on these points derive the above formula giving description of each step and each term.
What is simple buffer? Give an example and also explain its mechanism.
Consider the following equilibrium at 2773K
$\text{H}_2(\text{g})+\text{Cl}_2(\text{g})\rightleftharpoons2\text{HCl}(\text{g})$
Initially 0.25M H2 and 0.25MCl2 are introduced into a reaction vessel and the system in allowed to attain equilibrium. At equilibrium the concentrations of H2(g) and Cl2(g) became 0.0314M. Calculate Kc and Kp.
Dihydrogen gas used in Haber’s process is produced by reacting methane from natural gas with high temperature steam. The first stage of two stage reaction involves the formation of CO and H2. In second stage, CO formed in first stage is reacted with more steam in water gas shift reaction,
$\text{CO (g) + H}_2\text{O (g)}\rightleftharpoons\text{CO}_2\text{ (g) + H}_2\text{ (g)}$
If a reaction vessel at 400°C is charged with an equimolar mixture of CO and steam such that $\text{p}_\text{co}=\text{p}_{\text{H}_2\text{O}}=4.0$bar, what will be the partial pressure of H2 at equilibrium?$\text{K}_\text{p}=10.1\text{ at }400^\circ\text{C}$
  1. Sketch the following molecular shapes and give the various bond angles in the structure linear, triangular planar, tetrahedral and octahedral.
  2. What are the shapes of PCl5, NH3, BCl3, SF6, H2O, CCl4, SF4, ClF3, [BrF5]-, XeF4, XeF2
Attempt any five of the following:
1. Why does the iodination of benzene is carried out in the presence of nitric acid or iodic acid?
2. Can a catalyst change the position of equilibrium in a reaction?
3. Why is benzene extraordinarily stable though it contains three double bonds?
4. Bring out the following conversion ethane to ethene.
5. Why are alkanes called paraffins?
6. Draw the New man's projection formula of the staggered form of 1,2-dichloroethane.
7. Give the IUPAC name of the lowest molecular weight alkane that contains a quaternary carbon.