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MODEL PAPER 5 — BIOLOGY STD 11 Science — Question

Rajasthan BoardEnglish MediumSTD 11 ScienceBIOLOGYMODEL PAPER 55 Marks
Question
Explain glycolysis.
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Answer

Glycolysis
• The term glycolysis has originated from the Greek words, glycos for sugar, and lysis for splitting. The scheme of glycolysis was given by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas, and is often referred to as the EMP pathway.
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is present in all living organisms.
• In this process, glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. In plants, this glucose is derived from sucrose.
• Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by the enzyme invertase, and these two monosaccharides enter the glycolytic pathway.
• Glucose and fructose are phosphorylated to give rise to glucose-6-phosphate by the activity of the enzyme hexokinase.
• This phosphorylated form of glucose then isomerises to produce fructose-6-phosphate.
• Subsequent steps of metabolism of glucose and fructose are the same.
• The various steps of glycolysis are depicted in the following figure:
In glycolysis, a chain of ten reactions, under the control of different enzymes, takes place to produce pyruvate from glucose.
Utilization of ATP During Glycolysis:
i. During the conversion of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate
ii. During the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-diphosphate.

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