Question
Factorize:
$x^4+x^2 y^2+y^4$
 

Answer

$x^4+x^2 y^2+y^4$
Adding $x^2 y^2$ and subtracting $x^2 y^2$ to the given equation
$=x^4+x^2 y^2+y^4+x^2 y^2-x^2 y^2$
$=x^4+2 x^2 y^2+y^4-x^2 y^2$
$=\left(x^2\right)^2+2 x x^2 \times y^2+\left(y^2\right)^2-(x y)^2$
Using the identity $(p+q)^2=p^2+q^2+2 p q$
$=\left(x^2+y^2\right)^2-(x y)^2$
Using the identity $p^2-q^2=(p+q)(p-q)$
$=\left(x^2+y^2+x y\right)\left(x^2+y^2-x y\right)$
$\therefore x^4+x^2 y^2+y^4=\left(x^2+y^2+x y\right)\left(x^2+y^2-x y\right)$

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