Question
How is ammonia manufactured industrially?
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Answer
Ammonia is manufactured industrially by Haber's process.$\text{N}_2(\text{g})+3\text{H}_2(\text{g})\rightleftharpoons2\text{NH}_3(\text{g}) \ \Delta_\text{f}\text{H}^\circ=-46.1\text{KJ mol}^{-1}$
A mixture of dry nitrogen and hydrogen gases in the ratio of $1:3$ by volume is compressed to about $200$ to $300$ atm and passed over iron catalyst at a temperature of about $723$ k to $773$ k. The iron catalyst is mixed with aluminiumoxide $(Al_2O_3)$ and potassium oxide $(K_2O)$ which act as promoters. Ammonia being formed is continuously removed by liquefying it. The optimum conditions for the production of ammonia are a pressure of about $200$ atm, a temperature of $\sim 700$ k and use of a catalyst such as iron oxide with small amounts of $K_2O$ and $Al_2,\ O_3$ to increase the rate of attainment of equilibrium.
A mixture of dry nitrogen and hydrogen gases in the ratio of $1:3$ by volume is compressed to about $200$ to $300$ atm and passed over iron catalyst at a temperature of about $723$ k to $773$ k. The iron catalyst is mixed with aluminiumoxide $(Al_2O_3)$ and potassium oxide $(K_2O)$ which act as promoters. Ammonia being formed is continuously removed by liquefying it. The optimum conditions for the production of ammonia are a pressure of about $200$ atm, a temperature of $\sim 700$ k and use of a catalyst such as iron oxide with small amounts of $K_2O$ and $Al_2,\ O_3$ to increase the rate of attainment of equilibrium.
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