How will you distinguish 1° and 2° hydroxyl groups present in glucose? Explain with reactions.
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On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose as well as gluconic acid both yield a dicarboxylic acid, saccharic acid. This indicates the presence of a primary alcoholic (—OH) group in glucose.
$\ \text{CHO} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{COOH} \\ \ \ {|} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {|} \\ \text{(CHOH)}_4 \xrightarrow{\text{Br}_2/\text{H}_2\text{O}}(\text{CHOH})_4\\ \ \ {|} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {|} \\ \ \text{CH}_2\text{OH} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_2\text{OH} \\ \text{Glucose} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $
Acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride gives glucose pentaacetate which confirms the presence of five —OH groups. Since it exists as a stable compound, five —OH groups should be attached to different carbon atoms.
$\ \text{CHO} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{COOH} \\ \ \ {|} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {|} \\ \text{(CHOH)}_4 \xrightarrow{\text{Br}_2/\text{H}_2\text{O}}(\text{CHOH})_4\\ \ \ {|} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {|} \\ \ \text{CH}_2\text{OH} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_2\text{OH} \\ \text{Glucose} \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $
Acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride gives glucose pentaacetate which confirms the presence of five —OH groups. Since it exists as a stable compound, five —OH groups should be attached to different carbon atoms.
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