[5 Mark Question Answer]

Question

List the different ways by which communicable diseases are transmitted

Vidyadip · Accepted Answer

Communicable diseases are transmitted broadly by two modes:
Direct transmission:

Direct contact: From skin to skin. Examples: eye infection (conjunctivitis),skin diseases, etc.
Droplet infection: From droplet of saliva or nose during cough, sneezing, speaking and spitting. Examples: Tuberculosis (TB), common cold, whooping cough, influenza.
Contact with soil. Example: mycosis, tetanus.
Inoculation into skin: Microbes may inoculate directly into skin. Examples: Rabies virus is inoculated by dog bite, hepatitis B virus is inoculated through contaminated needles and syringes.

Indirect transmission:

Transmission of microbes through water and food (vehicle borne transmission). Examples: typhoid, cholera, polio, food poisoning, diarrhoea etc.
Transmission by blood. Examples: Hepatitis B and malaria
Transmission of microbes by an arthropod/living carrier (vector borne). Examples: malaria, dengue are transmitted by mosquito, typhoid, cholera are transmitted by housefly, plague is transmitted by rat flea, etc.
Transmission through fomites: Fomites include soiled clothes, towel, cups, spoon, toys, etc. Examples: diptheria, eye and skin infection.
Transmission through unclean hands. Examples: typhoid, intestinal parasites.
Air borne transmission. Examples: epidemic typhus.

Column A (Organelle)		Column B (Function)
1	leucoplast	a	help in cell division
2	nucleus	b	transport of material
3	ribosomes	c	making food
4	mitochondria	d	digesting foreign bodies
5	endoplasmic reticulum	e	storage of starch and proteins
6	golgi bodies	f	making the cell turgid
7	chloroplast	g	making proteins
8	centrosome	h	controlling all the vital activities of a cell
9	vacuole	i	releasing energy
10	lysosomes	j	synthesis of cell wall in a plant cell

Answer