
- Name the type of a diode whose characteristics are shown in Fig. (A) and Fig. (B).
- What does the point P in Fig. (A) represent?
- What does the points P and Q in Fig. (B) represent?

And the point Pin Fig. (b) represents some open circuit, voltage on solar cell with zero current through solar cell.
It means, there is a battery connected to a solar cell which gives rise to the equal and opposite current to that in solar cell by virtue of light falling on it.
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$(\text{E}_2-\text{E}_1).\hat{\text{n}}=\frac{\sigma}{\in_0}$
where $\hat{\text{n}}$ is a unit vector normal to the surface at a point and σ is the surface charge density at that point. (The direction of $\hat{\text{n}}$ is from side 1 to side 2.) Hence show that just outside a conductor, the electric field is σ $\hat{\text{n}}$ /ε0.
[Hint: For (a), use Gauss’s law. For, (b) use the fact that work done by electrostatic field on a closed loop is zero.]