Question
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
When haloalkanes with $\beta-$hydrogen atom are boiled with alcoholic solution of KOH, they undergo elimination of hydrogen halide resulting in the formation of alkenes. These reactions are called $\beta-$elimination reactions or dehydrohalogenation reactions. These reactions follow Saytzeff's rule. Substitution and elimination reactions often compete with each other. Mostly bases behave as nucleophiles and therefore can engage in substitution or elimination reactions depending upon the alkyl halide and the reaction conditions.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
  1. Among the following the most reactive towards alcoholic $KOH$ is:
  1. $CH_2 = CHBr$
  2. $CH_3COCH_2CH_2Br$
  3. $CH_3CH2Br$
  4. $CH_3CH_2CH_2Br$
  1. The general reaction, $\text{R}-\text{X}\xrightarrow{\text{aq.OH}^-}\text{ROH}+\text{X}^-,$ is expected to follow decreasing order of reactivity as in:
  1. $t-BuI> t-BuBr > t-BuCI > t-BuF$
  2. $t-BuF > t-BuCI > t-BuBr > t-BuI$
  3. $t-BuBr > t-BuCI >t-BuI> t-BuF$
  4. $t-BuF > t-BuCI > t-BuI > t-BuBr$
  1. Reaction of t-butyl bromide with sodium methoxide produces:
  1. Sodium t-butoxide.
  2. t-butyl methyl ether.
  3. Iso-butane.
  4. Iso-butylene.
  1. In the elimination reactions, the reactivity of alkyl halides follows the sequence:
  1. $R - F > R - CI > R - Br > R - I$
  2. $R - I > R - Br > R - Cl > R - F$
  3. $R - I > R - F > R - Br > R - CI$
  4. $R - F > R - I > R - Br > R - CI$
  1. The ease of dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halide with alcoholic $KOH$ is:
  1. $3^\circ < 2^\circ < 1^\circ$
  2. $3^\circ > 2^\circ > 1^\circ$
  3. $3^\circ < 2^\circ > 1^\circ$
  4. $3^\circ > 2^\circ < 1^\circ$

Answer

  1. (d) $CH_3CH_2CH_2Br$
Explanation:

n alkyl halides, polarity of $C -$ Br bond increases with increase in chain length.
  1. (a) $ t-BuI> t-BuBr > t-BuCI > t-BuF$
Explanation:

The order of reactivity of alkyl halides: iodide > bromide > chloride (nature of the halogen atom) tertiary > secondary > primary (type of halogen atom).
  1. (d) Iso-butylene.
​​​​​​​Explanation:

Jso-butylene is obtained.

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_3\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\\text{H}_3\text{CC}\text{H}_3 +\text{CH}_3\text{ONa}\overrightarrow{\ \ \ \ \ }\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_3 $

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_3\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\\text{CH}_3\text{C}=\text{CH}_3+\text{CH}_2\text{OH}+\text{NaBr}$
  1. (b) $R - I > R - Br > R - Cl > R - F$
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​Explanation:

The order of bond dissociation energy: R - F > R - CI > R - Br > R - I. During dehydrohalogenation C - I bond breaks more easily than C - F bond. So reactivity order of halides R - I > R - Br > R - Cl > R - F.
  1. (b) $3^\circ > 2^\circ > 1^\circ$
​​​​​​​Explanation:

The ease of dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halide with alcoholic $KOH$ is $3^\circ > 2^\circ > 1^\circ .$

This order of alkyl halides can be explained on the basis of the stability of the alkene formed after dehydrohalogenation ofhaloalkanes. $3^\circ$ alkyl halides on dehydrohalogenation forms more substituted alkenes, which being more stable and formed at faster rate, while primary alkyl halides yield least substituted alkenes, which being less stable and formed at slower rate.

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  3. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
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  1. Assertion: The Nernst equation gives the concentration dependence of emf of the cell.
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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions: Boiling point or freezing point of liquid solution would be affected by the dissolved solids in the liquid phase. A soluble solid in solution has the effect of raising its boiling point and depressing its freezing point. The addition of non-volatile substances to a solvent decreases the vapor pressure and the added solute particles affect the formation of pure solvent crystals. According to many researches the decrease in freezing point directly correlated to the concentration of solutes dissolved in the solvent. This phenomenon is expressed as freezing point depression and it is useful for several applications such as freeze concentration of liquid food and to find the molar mass of an unknown solute in the solution. Freeze concentration is a high quality liquid food concentration method where water is removed by forming ice crystals. This is done by cooling the liquid food below the freezing point of the solution. The freezing point depression is referred as a colligative property and it is proportional to the molar concentration of the solution (m), along with vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure. These are physical characteristics of solutions that depend only on the identity of the solvent and the concentration of the solute. The characters are not depending on the solute’s identity.
  1. When a non volatile solid is added to pure water it will:
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  2. boil below 100°C and freeze above 0°C
  3. boil above 100°C and freeze below 0°C
  4. boil below 100°C and freeze below 0°C
  1. Colligative properties are:
  1. dependent only on the concentration of the solute and independent of the solvent’s and solute’s identity.
  2. dependent only on the identity of the solute and the concentration of the solute and independent of the solvent's identity.
  3. dependent on the identity of the solvent and solute and thus on the concentration of the solute.
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  2. B
  3. C
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  3. osmotic pressure
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In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Transition metal oxides are compounds fanned by the reaction of metals with oxygen at high temperature. The highest oxidation number in the oxides coincides with the group number. In vanadium, there is a gradual change from the basic $V_2O_3$ to less basic $V_2O_4$ and to amphoteric $V_2O_5· V_2O_4$ dissolves in acids to give $VO^{2+}$ salts. Transition metal oxides are commonly utilized for their catalytic activity and semi conductive properties. Transition metal oxides are also frequently used as pigments in paints and plastic. Most notably titatnium dioxide. One of the earliest application of transition metal oxides to chemical industry involved the use of vanadium oxide for catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulphuric acid. Since then, many other applications have emerged, which include benzene oxidation to maleic anhydride on vandium oxides; cyclohexane oxidation to adipic acid on cobalt oxides. An important property of the catalyst material used in these processes is the ability of transition metals to change their oxidation state under a given chemical potential of reductants and oxidants.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
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  1. $VO$
  2. $V_2O_3$
  3. $VO_2$
  4. $V_2O_5$
  1. Vanadyl ion is:
  1. $\text{VO}^{2+}$
  2. $\text{VO}^{+}_2$
  3. $\text{V}_{2}\text{O}^+$
  4. $\text{VO}^{3-}_4$
  1. Which of the following statements is false?
  1. With fluorine vanadium can form $VF_5.$
  2. With chlorine vanadium can form $VCl^5.$
  3. Vanadium exhibits highest oxidation state in oxohalides $VOCl_3, VOBr_3$ and fluoride $VF_5.$
  4. With iodine vanadium cannot form $Vl_5$ due to oxidising power of $V^{5+}$ and reducing nature of $I^-.$
  1. The oxidation state of vanadium in $V_2O_5$ is:
  1. $\frac{+5}{2}$
  2. $+7$
  3. $+5$
  4. $+6$
  1. Identify the oxidising agent in the following reaction.
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  1. $V_2O_5$
  2. $Ca $
  3. $V$
  4. None of these.
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  1. Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
  2. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
  3. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
  4. Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
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Reason: Rate constant also doubles.
  1. Assertion: For the first order reaction, half-life period is expressed as $\text{t}_\frac{1}{2}=\frac{2.303}{\text{k}}\log2.$
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  1. Reason: The half-life time of a first order reaction is not always constant and it depends upon the initial concentration of reactants.
Reason: Acid only acts as a catalyst whereas alkali acts as one of the reactants.
  1. Assertion: For a first order reaction, the concentration of the reactant decreases exponentially with time.
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  1. Assertion: Half-life period for a first order reaction is independent of initial concentration of the reactant.
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  1. Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
  2. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
  3. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
  4. Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
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Reason: A reaction is spontaneous if the free energy change is negative.
  1. Assertion: The standard electrode potential of hydrogen is $0.0V.$
Reason: It is by convention.
  1. Assertion: The more negative is the standard reduction potential, greater is its ability to displace $H_2$ from acid.
Reason: Strength of reducing agent increases with the increase in negative value of the standard reduction potential.
  1. Assertion: The negative value of standard reduction potential means that reduction takes place on this electrode with reference to hydrogen electrode.
Reason: The standard electrode potential of a half cell has a fixed value.
  1. Assertion: The absolute value of electrode potential cannot be determined experimentally.
Reason: The electrode potential values are generally determined with respect to SHE.
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
In hexagonal system of crystals, a frequently encountered arrangement of atoms, is described as a hexagonal prism. Here, the top and bottom of the cell are regular hexagons and three atoms are sandwiched in between them. A space-filling model of this structure, called hexagonal close packed (hep), is constituted of a sphere on a flat surface surrounded in the same plane by six identical spheres as closely as possible. Three spheres are then placed over the first layer so that they touch each other and represent the second layer. Each one of these three spheres touches three spheres of the bottom layer. Finally, the second layer is covered with a third layer that is identical to the bottom layer in relative position.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
  1. The number of atoms in this hep unit cell is.
  1. 4
  2. 6
  3. 12
  4. 17
  1. The number of atoms in this hep unit cell is.
  1. $24\sqrt{2\pi^3}$
  2. $16\sqrt{2\text{r}^3}$
  3. $12\sqrt{2\text{r}^3}$
  4. $\frac{64}{3\sqrt{3}}\text{r}^3$
  1. The empty space in this hcp unit cell is.
  1. 74%
  2. 47.6%
  3. 32%
  4. 26%
  1. Which of the following statements is correct about hexagonal close packing?
  1. In this arrangement, third layer is identical to the first layer.
  2. The coordination number in this arrangement is 6.
  3. It is as closely packed as body centered cubic packing.
  4. It has 32% empty space.
  1. In hexagonal close packing of spheres in three-dimensions.
  1. In one unit cell there are 12 octahedral voids and all are completely inside the unit cell.
  2. In one unit cell there are six octahedral voids and all are completely inside the unit cell.
  3. In one unit cell there are six octahedral voids out of which three are completely inside the unit cell and other three are from contributions of octahedral voids which are partially inside the unit cell.
  4. In one unit cell there are 12 tetrahedral voids, all are completely inside the unit cell.
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
(A), (B) and (C) are three non-cyclic functional isomers of a carbonyl compound with molecular formula $C_4H_8O$. Isomers (A) and (C) give positive Tollen's test whereas isomer (B) does not give Tollen's test but gives positive iodoform test. Isomers (A) and (B) on reduction with $\frac{\text{Zn(Hg)}}{\text{conc.}}.$ HCl give the same product (D).
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
  1. Compound A is:
  1. $\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}-\text{CHO}\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_3$
  2. $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{CHO}$
  3. $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{O}\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ||\\\text{CH}_3-\text{C}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3$
  4. None of these.
  1. Compound (C) is:
  1. Iso-butyraldehyde
  2. Butyraldehyde
  3. Crotonaldehyde
  4. Acrolein
  1. Compound (B) can be obtained by:
  1. $\text{CH}_3-\text{C}\equiv\text{C}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3\xrightarrow[333\text{K}]{\text{dil.H}_2\text{SO}_4+\text{HgSO}_4}$
  2. $(\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COO})_2\text{Ca}\xrightarrow{\text{Dry distill}}$
  3. $\text{CH}_3-\text{C}\equiv\text{C}-\text{CH}_3\xrightarrow[\frac{\text{H}_2\text{O}_2}{\text{NaOH}}]{\frac{\text{B}_2\text{H}_6}{\text{THF}}}$
  4. $\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}=\text{CH}-\text{CH}_3\xrightarrow[\frac{\text{ZN}}{\text{H}_2\text{O}}]{\text{O}_3}$
  1. Out of (A), (B) and ( C) isomers, which one is least reactive towards addition of HCN?
  1. A
  2. B
  3. C
  4. All are equally reactive.
  1. What will be the product when (B) reacts with ethylene glycol in presence of HCl gas?
  1.  
  1.  
  1.  
  1. None of these.
Explain the structure of nucleic acid compounds.