Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:… - Vidyadip

Question

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:
Human beings are central to economic activities and production processes as they apply their knowledge, skills, and decision-making abilities to create value in economic activities. For example, a police officer maintains law and order, a scientist discovers new technologies, a chef brings new recipes together, and so on. This is possible when workers possess the required knowledge, skills and have a healthy body and mind to perform good quality work. All these traits together comprise human capital, which depends on many things. Let’s learn more about them.
Q.1. How does human beings contribute to the production?
Q.2. When does the production process become efficient?
Q.3. How does a police officer contribute to society?
Q.4. Mention two prime traits of human capital.

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Answer

1. By applying their skills, knowledge and decision making capacities to the economic activities.
2. The production process becomes efficient when workers possess the required knowledge, skills and have a healthy body and mind to perform good quality work.
3. A police officer contribute to the society by maintaining law and order.
4. Required skills and a healthy body.

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Read the given passage below and answer the questions that follow.
Manual scavenging refers to the practice of removing human and animal waste/excreta using brooms, tin plates and baskets from dry latrines and carrying it on the head to disposal grounds some distance away. A manual scavenger is the person who does the job of carrying this filth. This job is mainly done by Dalit women and young girls. According to the Andhra Pradesh-based Safai Karamchari Andolan, an organisation working with manual scavengers, there are one lakh persons from Dalit communities who continue to be employed in this job in this country and who work in 26 lakh private and community dry latrines managed by municipalities. Manual scavengers in different parts of the country, the Bhangis in Gujarat, Pakhis in Andhra Pradesh and the Sikkaliars in Tamil Nadu, continue to be considered untouchable. They often live in separate settlements on the outskirts of the village and are denied access to the temple, public water facilities, etc.
Q. 1. Which of the following statements best describes the manual scavenging?
(a) Cleaning the streets
(b) Removing human and animal waste from dry latrines.
(c) Sweeping floors
(d) All of the above
Q. 2. Manual scavenging is being practiced by several communities in India. Which of the following are among those communities?
(a) Bhangis
(b) Pakhis
(c) Sikkaliars
(d) All of these
Q. 3. Which of the following is not a challenge faced by manual scavengers in India?
(a) They are often considered untouchable.
(b) They are often denied access to temples and public water facilities.
(c) They are often paid low wages.
(d) They are often exposed to health hazards.
Q. 4. Which of the following is not a way through which manual scavengers are marginalised in India?
(a) They are often denied access to education and employment.
(b) They are often stereotyped and discriminated against.
(c) They are often denied access to temples and public water facilities.
(d) They are often treated as equals to other castes.

In 2011, during a spirited debate in the Lok Sabha, Parliamentarian Sushma Swaraj quoted a poetic verse to criticise the government:
“Tu idhar udhar ki na baat kar, yeh bata ki kafila kyun luta, humein rahjano se gila nahi, teri rahbari ka sawal hai.”
Don’t change the topic, just say why the caravan was looted. We have no complaint with the robbers, but this is a question on your leadership. In response, the then Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh calmly replied with another poetic line: “Maana ki teri deed ke qabil nahin boon main, tu mera shauq dekh mera intezar dekh.” I admit that I am not worthy of your sight; you should look at my zeal and my perseverance.
Q.1. Why is leadership accountability highlighted in Sushma Swaraj’s verse?
Q.2. What do the poetic exchanges between Sushma Swaraj and Dr. Manmohan Singh reveal about their approach to political debate?

Warren Hastings (Governor-General from 1773 to 1785) was one of the many important figures who played a significant role in the expansion of Company power. By his time the Company had acquired power not only in Bengal, but also in Bombay and Madras. British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies: Bengal, Madras and Bombay. Each was ruled by a Governor. The supreme head of the administration was the Governor-General. Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General, introduced several administrative reforms, notably in the sphere of justice. ,
From 1772 a new system of justice was established.
Each district have two courts-a criminal court (faujdari adalat) and a civil court (diwani adalat). Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts were still under a Qazi and a Mufti but under the supervision of the collectors.
(i) Which Governor-General gained control over the regions Bengal, Madras and Bombay?
(a) Richard Wellesley
(b) Robert Clive
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) None of these
(ii) How were British territories in India divided administratively during Warren Hastings' time?
(a) Provinces
(c) Districts
(b) States
(d) Kingdoms
(III) What was the role of the criminal court established under the new justice system Introduced by Warren Hastings?
(a) Interpreting Indian laws for district collectors
(b) Presiding over civil court cases
(c) Enforcing British laws in Indian territories
(d) Adjudicating criminal cases under the supervision of Qazi and Mufti
(iv) Who helped European district collectors in understanding Indian laws In Civil Courts?
(a) British judges
(b) European scholars
(c) Maulvis and Hindu pandits
(d) Indian lawyers

Industrial regions emerge when a number of Industries are located close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness. Major industrial regions of the world are Eastern North America, Western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia. Major industrial regions tend to be located in temperate areas, near seaports and especially near coal fields. India has several industrial regions like Mumbai-Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chota Nagpur industrial belt, Visakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.
(I) Which of the following is not a major industrial region in the world?
(a) Western Europe
(b) Eastern Asia
(c) Southern Africa
(d) Eastern Europe
(ii) In which type of areas are major industrial regions often located?
(a) Polar areas
(b) Tropical areas
(c) Temperate areas
(d) Arid areas
(iii) Which of the following is/are an industrial region in India?
(a) Mumbai-Pune cluster
(b) Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
(c) Hugli region
(d) All of the above
(iv) When does the industrial regions energy?
(a) When industries are scattered across a country.
(b) When industries are located close to each other and share the benefits of closeness.
(c) When lidustries are located far from each other.
(d) When industries are solely based on agricultural production.

A crisis has unfolded in the fertile plains of Punjab where groundwater resources have been severely depleted. Punjab was home to the Green Revolution that fed a large proportion of our population, and contributed to India becoming self-sufficient in food. Today the same state faces issues of sustainability. Nature has been exploited beyond regeneration, at least in the short term.
In the 1960s farmers shifted to high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. These required more water than the traditional seeds, and farmers began to extract groundwater to meet this need. In addition, the supply of free power led to the over-pumping of groundwater. Modem farming techniques also required the use of pesticides and fertilisers.
The combined effect of these factors is that the groundwater level in a large part of Punjab (see map) has become inaccessible till depths of about 30 metres; and the chemicals from the pesticides and fertilisers have dissolved in the groundwater causing health hazards.
Almost 80% of the area of Punjab has been classified as ‘over-exploited’; in other words, we have drawn water at a rate much greater than at which restoration and rejuvenation of groundwater is possible. We can see that food security was ensured for the short term, but the long- term consequences will take time and effort to heal.
Q.1. What caused the depletion of groundwater in Punjab?
Q.2. What does ‘over-exploited’ mean in the context of Punjab’s groundwater, and how do the immediate and long-term effects of the Green Revolution differ?

Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow
Porto Alegre is a city in Brazil. Though there are many poor people in this city, what is remarkable is that it has a far lower number of infant deaths as compared to most other cities of the world. The city's water department has achieved universal access to safe water and this is the main reason behind the lower number of infant deaths. The average price of water is kept low, and the poor are charged half the basic rate. Whatever profit the department makes is used to improve the water supply.
The working of the water department is transparent and people can have a direct say in deciding which projects the department should take up. Through a process of public meetings, people hear what the managers have to say and also vote on their priorities,
Q. 1. Which of the following feature(s) is/are found in Porto Alegre?
(a) It has a far lower number of infant deaths than most other cities of the world.
(b) It has a large population of poor people.
(c) It has a universal water supply.
(d) All of the above
Q. 2. The water department of Porto Alegre has done a significant job by achieving
(a) universal access to safe water
(b) universal access to education
(c) universal access to healthcare
(d) All of the above
Q. 3. How does the water department of Porto Alegre utilise its profit?
(a) It is used to improve the water supply.
(b) It is used to fund other government programs.
(c) It is divided among the employees of the water department.
(d) None of the above
Q. 4. Which of the following is/are the primary reason behind the successful working of the water department in Porto Alegre?
(a) It is managed by a team of experts who are appointed by the government.
(b) It is managed by a committee of elected representatives.
(c) It is managed through a process of public meetings and voting.
(d) All of the above

Read the excerpt given below and answer the questions that follow:
After Sambhaji, Rajaram became the Chhatrapati and fled to Gingee (in present- day Tamil Nadu). The Mughal-Maratha conflict thus spread to south India. The Marathas staunchly defended their fortresses and often had the upper hand over the Mughals in battles and skirmishes. Aurangzeb was thus unable to leave the Deccan and died without having succeeded in subduing the Marathas, who emerged as a strong contender to the Mughals. No longer on the defensive, the Marathas led by Tarabai, Rajaram’s queen, made large-scale inroads into Mughal territories, eventually conquering large parts of India.
Q.1. Who became Chhatrapati after Sambhaji?
Q.2. Where did Rajaram go after becoming Chhatrapati? ro What happened to the Maratha-Mughal conflict after Rajaram fled?
Q.3. Why could Aurangzeb not leave the Deccan?
Q.4. Who led the Marathas after Rajaram’s death?

Read the given passage and answer the following questions.
The Constitution plays a crucial role in laying out the ideals that we would like all citizens of the country to adhere to, including the representatives that we elect to rule us. Just like in the game of football, a change of constitutive rules will affect the game. Indian Constitution has been amended over the years to reflect new concerns of the polity. Often a major change in the Constitution means a change in the fundamental nature of the country. We saw this in the case of Nepal and how it needed to adopt a new Constitution after it became a democracy. The different features of the Indian Constitution outlined above, involve complicated Ideas that are often not easy to grasp. Don't worry too much about this for the moment. In the rest of the book as well as in your higher classes, you will read more about these different features of the Indian Constitution and understand more substantively what they mean.
Q. 1. What role does the Constitution play in a country?
Q. 2. Why is it important for a country to amend its Constitution over time?

Forests are our wealth. Plants give shelter to the animals and together they maintain the ecosystem. Changes in climate and human interference can cause the loss of natural habitats for plants and animals. Many species have become vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction. The animals are poached for collection and illegal trade of hides, skins, nails, teeth, horns as well and feathers. Some of these animals are tiger, lion, elephant, deer, black buck, crocodile, rhinoceros, snow leopard, ostrich, and peacock. These can be conserved by increasing awareness. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves are made to protect our natural vegetation and wildlife. Conservation of creeks, lakes, and wetlands is necessary to save the precious resource from depletion.
(I) What is the primary reason for the loss of natural habitats for plants and animals?
(a) Earthquake
(b) Human interference
(c) Forest fires
(d) Landslides
(II) What is/are the primary reason for poaching of animals ?
(a) Scientific research
(b) Food consumption
(c) Collection and illegal trade of various body parts
(d) For their trade
(iii) Which among the following is the international convention that prohibits the trade of several species of animals and birds?
(a) CITES
(b) UNESCO
(c) WWF
(d) IUCN
(lv) What is the purpose of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves?
(a) To control population
(b) To encourage tourism
(c) To protect natural vegetation and wildlife
(d) None of the above

Industrial regions emerge when a number of Industries are located close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness. Major industrial regions of the world are Eastern North America, Western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia. Major industrial regions tend to be located in temperate areas, near seaports and especially near coal fields. India has several industrial regions like Mumbai-Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chota Nagpur industrial belt, Visakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.
(I) Which of the following is not a major industrial region in the world?
(a) Western Europe
(b) Eastern Asia
(c) Southern Africa
(d) Eastern Europe
(ii) In which type of areas are major industrial regions often located?
(a) Polar areas
(b) Tropical areas
(c) Temperate areas
(d) Arid areas
(iii) Which of the following is/are an industrial region in India?
(a) Mumbai-Pune cluster
(b) Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
(c) Hugli region
(d) All of the above
(iv) When does the industrial regions energy?
(a) When industries are scattered across a country.
(b) When industries are located close to each other and share the benefits of closeness.
(c) When lidustries are located far from each other.
(d) When industries are solely based on agricultural production.