The human evolution from early humans to j modern ones underwent several changes. This process witnessed different lifestyles of humAnswer:They advanced from hunter gatherers to food producers. They discovered many things which are still in use in a modified version. Subsequently, with the development of farming, they began to develop shelters for an extended stay in a place. Initially, they are believed to have originated in Africa and slowly spread to other parts of the world. Earlier these people lived in small groups and then shifted to large ones. With that, the concept of villages was formed and cultural adaptation became easier. Q.1. What was the initial lifestyle of early humans? (a) Farmers (b) Traders (c) Hunter-gatherers (d) Industrialists Q.2. Where are early humans believed to have originated? (a) Asia (b) Africa (c) Europe (d) America Q.3. What development allowed early humans to settle down and form communities? (a) The invention of fire (b) The domestication of animals (c) The cultivation of crops (d) The creation of tools Q.4. Which of the following events made farming possible for early humans? (a) Invention of fire (b) The end of Ice age (c) Formation of villages (d) Invention of metal tools

1.C. Hunter-gatherers Explanation. Early humans were primarily hunter- gatherers before they advanced to food production and farming. 2.B. Africa Explanation. Early humans are believed to have originated in Africa and then slowly spread to other parts of the world. 3.C. The cultivation of crops Explanation. Agriculture allowed humans to settle in one place and form communities. 4.B. The end of Ice age Explanation. The end of the Ice Age brought about a warmer climate, which provided favourable conditions for agriculture, making farming possible for early humans.

The human evolution from early humans to j modern ones underwent …

A globe can be useful when we want to study the earth as a whole. But, when we want to study only a part of the earth, as about our country, states, districts, towns and villages, it is of little help. In such a situation we use maps. A map is a representation or a drawing of the earth’s surface or a part of it drawn on a flat surface according to a scale. But it is impossible to flatten a round shape completely. We find that maps are useful to us for various purposes. One map shows a small area and a few facts. Another map may contain as many facts as a big book. When many maps are put together we get an Atlas. Atlas is of various sizes, measurements drawn on different scales. Maps provide more information than a globe. They are of different types. Some of them are described below. Maps showing natural features of the earth such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers, oceans, etc., are called physical or relief maps. Maps showing cities, towns and villages, and different countries and states of the world with their boundaries are called political maps. Some maps focus on specific information, such as road maps, rainfall maps, maps showing distribution of forests, industries, etc., are known as thematic maps. Suitable titles are given on the basis of information provided in these maps.
Q.1.__________ is the representation of the earth’s surface drawn on a flat surface according to a scale,
(a) Map $\quad$ (b) Globe $\quad$ (c) Plan $\quad$ (d) Scale
Q.2.Atlas is known as:
(a) Globe
(b) Collection of different maps
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Q.3.Which maps show the natural features of the earth such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers, oceans, etc.?
(a) Physical maps
(b) Relief maps
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Q.4.What does political map show?
(a) It shows natural features of the earth
(b) It shows cities, towns and villages with boundaries
(c) It shows rainfall, distribution of forests, etc.
(d) None of the above

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Our planet earth is not a sphere. It is sliehtlv flattened at the North and the South Poles and bulges in the middle. Can you imagine how it looks? You may look at a globe carefully in your classroom to get an idea. Globe is a true model (miniature form) of the earth. On the globe, countries, continents and oceans are shown in their correct size. It is difficult to describe the location of a point on a sphere like the earth, a needle is fixed through the globe in a tilted manner, which is called its axis. Two points on the globe through which the needle passes are two poles – North Pole and South Pole. The globe can be moved around this needle from west to east just as the earth moves. But, remember there is a major difference. The real earth has no such needle. It moves around its axis, which is an imaginary line. Another imaginary line running on the globe divides it into two equal parts. This line is known as the Equator. The northern half of the earth is known as the Northern Hemisphere and the southern half is known as the Southern Hemisphere. They are both equal halves. Therefore, the equator is an imaginary circular line and is a very important reference point to locate places on the earth. All parallel circles from the Equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitudes. Latitudes are measured in degrees.
Q.1.Which among the following are shown on the globe in their true size?
(a) Countries $\quad$ (b) Continents $\quad$ (c) Oceans $\quad$ (d) All of these
Q.2.A needle fixed through the globe in a tilted manner is called as:
(a) orbit $\quad$ (b) axis $\quad$ (c) latitude $\quad$ (d) longitude
Q.3.An imaginary line that divides globe into two equal parts is known as:
(a) Tropic of Cancer $\quad$ (b) Arctic Circle $\quad$ (c) Tropic of Capricorn $\quad$ (d) Equator
Q.4.Northern half of the earth is known as:
(a) Northern hemisphere
(b) Southern hemisphere
(c) Equator
(d) None of the above

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Each society and culture has its own ways of measuring time. Major events, such as the birth of an important person or the start of a ruler’s reign, have often marked the beginning of a new era. At present, the Gregorian calendar is commonly used worldwide; side by side, Hindu, Muslim, Jewish, Chinese and other calendars are also used for calculating the dates of festivals and other auspicious events.
In the West, the conventional year for Jesus Christ’s birth has generally been taken to be the starting point for this calendar. Years are counted forward from this point and used to be marked with ‘AD’ (an abbreviation for a Latin phrase that refers to the years after Jesus’ birth). However, this is now called the Common Era or CE across the world. For example, 1947, the year India gained independence, can be written as 1947 AD (sometimes AD 1947) or 1947 CE.
Similarly, the years before the conventional date for the birth of Jesus are counted backward and used to be marked with BC (or Before Christ). They are now called Before Common Era or BCE.
Q.1. Which calendar is most commonly used worldwide today?
(a) Hindu Calendar $\quad$ (b) Gregorian Calendar
(c) Chinese Calendar $\quad$ (d) Jewish Calendar
Q.2. Years before the birth of Jesus Christ are marked with __________ in the Gregorian calendar.
(a) BCE $\quad$ (b) BCA $\quad$ (c) AD $\quad$ (d) CE
Q.3. The Gregorian calendar starts counting years from the birth of Jesus Christ.
(a) True $\quad$ (b) False $\quad$ (c) Sometimes $\quad$ (d) None of above
Q.4. In the context of the passage, which among the following years can be written as 1947 CE?
(a) The year of India’s independence $\quad$ (b) The year of the First World War
(c) The year of the French Revolution $\quad$ (d) The year of the end of Ice age

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The earth is called the blue planet. More than 71% of the earth is covered with water and 29% is with land. Hydrosphere consistS of water ¡n all its forms. As running water in oceans and rivers and in lakes, ice in glaciers1 underground water and the water vapour in atmosphereø all comprise the hydrosphere. More than 97% of the Earth1s water is found in the oceans and is too salty for human use. A large proportion of the rest of the water is in the form of ice sheets and glaciers or under the ground and a very small percentage is available as fresh water for human use. Hence, despite being a ‘blue planet’ we face a shortage of water!! Oceans— Oceans are the major part of hydr0SPh They are all interconnected. The ocean waters are always moving. The three chief movements of ocean waters are the waves, the tides and the ocean currents. The five major oceans are the pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, in order of their size.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. It is spread over one third of the earth. Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the earth, lies in the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is almost circular in shape. Asia, Australia North and South America surround it. It is flanked by the North and South America on the western side, and Europe and Africa on the eastern side. The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean in the world. It is ‘S’ shaped and is highly indented. This irregular and indented coastline provides an ideal location for natural harbours and ports. From the point of view of commerce, it is the busiest Ocean. The Indian Ocean is the only ocean named after a country, that is, India. The shape of the ocean is almost triangular. In the north, it is bound by Asia, in the west by Africa and in the east by Australia. The Southern Ocean encircles the continent of Antarctica and extends northward to 60 degrees south latitude. The Arctic Ocean is located within the Arctic Circle and surrounds the North Pole. It is connected with the Pacific Ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water known as the Bering Strait. It is bound by northern coasts of North America and Eurasia.
Q.1. What percentage of earth’s covered with water?
(a) 29% $\quad$ (b) 71% $\quad$ (c) 30% $\quad$ (d) 100%
Q.2. What are the chief movements of ocean?
(a) The waves $\quad$ (b) The tides $\quad$ (c) The ocean currents $\quad$ (d) All of these
Q.3. Which is the largest ocean?
(a) Atlantic ocean $\quad$ (b) Pacific ocean $\quad$ c) Indian ocean $\quad$ (d) Arctic ocean
Q.4. Which is the ‘S’ shaped ocean?
(a) Indian ocean $\quad$ (b) Pacific ocean $\quad$ (c) Arctic ocean $\quad$ (d) Atlantic ocean

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India’s history starts with the emergence of the Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilisation. It thrived about 2,500 BC in western South Asia, which is now Pakistan and Western India. The Indus Valley housed Egypt Mesopotamia, India, and China’s biggest four ancient urban civilisations. However, nothing was known about this civilisation until the 1920s when India’s Archeological Department conducted excavations in the Indus Valley, where the two ancient towns, Mohenjodaro and Harappa, were discovered. The remains of structures and other items like domestic goods, military weapons, gold and silver decorations, seals, toys, ceramic products, etc., Indicate that a highly developed civilisation existed in this area four to five thousand years ago. The Indus Valley civilisation was essentially an urban civilisation, and people lived in well-planned and well-built cities, which were also centres of commerce. Mohenjo-daro and Harappa’s remains indicate great commercial cities—perfectly planned, carefully constructed, and well cared about. They had large roadways and well-developed drainage. The homes featured baked bricks and two or more stories.
Q.1. The excavations that led to the discovery of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were conducted by which department?
(a) Department of Agriculture $\quad$ (b) Department of Geology
(c) Department of Archaeology $\quad$ (d) Department of Urban Planning
Q.2. Which ancient urban civilisations were contemporary to the Harappan Civilisation?
(a) Roman, Greek, Persian and Babylonian
(b) Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Chinese
(c) Incan, Mayan and Egyptian
(d) Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian
Q.3. What was the possible social structure of the Harappan Civilisation?
(a) It was a democratic society.
(b) It had a nomadic society.
(c) It was a religious society.
(d) It had a well-organised and advanced urban society.
Q.4. The remains of which of the following items were NOT found during the excavations of Mohenjodaro and Harappa?
(a) Gold and silver decorations $\quad$ (b) Electronic devices
(c) Toys $\quad$ (d) Ceramic products

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The Harappans created many of their settlements along the banks of large or small rivers. This is a logical choice, not just for easy access to water, but also for agriculture, since rivers enrich the soil around them. Archaeological findings have shown that the Harappans grew cereals like barley, wheat, some millets, and sometimes rice, in addition to pulses and a variety of vegetables. They were also the first in Eurasia to grow cotton, which they used to weave into clothes. They made farming tools, including the plough, some of which continue to be used by modern-day farmers.
This intense agricultural activity was managed by hundreds of small rural sites or villages. Then, as now, the cities could survive only if enough agricultural produce from rural areas reached them on a daily basis.
Q.1. Why did the Harappans choose to settle along the banks of rivers?
(a) For easy access to fishing
(b) For protection from invaders
(c) For easy access to water and enriched soil for agriculture
(d) For transportation facilities
Q.2. Which of the following crops were mainly grown by the Harappans?
(a) Corn and tomatoes $\quad$ (b) Barley, wheat and some millets $\quad$
(c) Sugarcane and tea $\quad$ (d) Grapes and apples
Q.3. How did Harappan cities survive?
(a) Through trading
(b) Through hunting and gathering
(c) Through the daily influx of gricultural produce from rural areas
(d) None of the above
Q.4. What information can be inferred about the importance of agriculture in the Harappan Civilisation?
(a) It was an activity meant for entertainment purposes.
(b) It supported both rural and urban populations.
(c) It made foreign trade possible.
(d) It made Harappans rich and powerful.

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It is interesting to note that different parts of the country adopted a similar definition for India. For instance, a poem of ancient Tamil literature, from about 2,000 years ago, praises a king whose name Is known “from [Cape] Kumari in the south, from the great mountain in the north, from the oceans on the east and on the west..” You can now recognise The great mountain in the north’, and it should not be difficult to identify ‘Cape Kumari’. It looks like ancient Indians knew their geography well!
Q.1. Which geographical feature is referred to as ‘the great mountain in the north’, in the Tamil Poem?
(a) The Himalayas $\quad$ (b) The Vindhya Range
(c) The Satpura $\quad$ (d) The Karakoram
Q.2. What does ‘Cape Kumari’ refer to in the Tamil poem?
(a) Karnataka $\quad$ (b) Kerala $\quad$ (c) Coimbatore $\quad$ (d) Kanyakumari
Q.3. ‘Ocean on the east’ most likely refers to which of the following?
(a) Indian Ocean $\quad$ (b) Bay of Bengal $\quad$ (c) Arabian Sea $\quad$ (d) Mediterranean Sea
Q.4. What can be inferred from the ancient Tamil poem mentioned in the passage?
(a) It solely mentions religious sentiments
(b) It demonstrates the grammar of Tamil literature.
(c) It highlights a clear understanding of India’s vast geography in the past.
(d) It tells about the ruling dynasties of South India.

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There are seven countries that share land boundaries with India. India shares its water borders with Sri Lanka and Maldives. Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait. India is a vast country. For administrative purposes, the country is divided into 28 States and 8 Union Territories. Delhi is the national capital. The states have been formed mainly on the basis of languages. India is marked by a diversity of physical features such as mountains, plateaus, plains, coasts and islands. Standing as sentinels in the north are the lofty snow-capped Himalayas. Himalaya means The abode of snow7. The Himalayan mountains are divided into three main parallel ranges. The northernmost is the Great Himalaya or Himadri. The world’s highest peaks are located in this range. Middle Himalaya or Himachal lies to the south of Himadri. Many popular hill stations are situated here. The Shiwalik is the southernmost range. The Northern Indian plains lie to the south of the Himalayas. They are generally level and flat. These are formed by the alluvial deposits laid down by the rivers- the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tributaries. These river plains provide fertile land for cultivation. That is the reason for a high concentration of population in these plains. In the western part of India lies the Great Indian desert. It is a dry, hot and sandy stretch of land. It has very little vegetation. To the south of northern plains lies the Peninsular plateau. It is triangular in shape. The relief is highly uneven.
This is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys. Aravali hills, one of the oldest ranges of the world, border it on the north-west side. The Vindhyas and the Satpuras are the important ranges. The rivers Narmada and Tapi flow through these ranges. These are west flowing rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats or Sahyadris border the plateau in the west and the Eastern Ghats provide the eastern boundary. While the Western Ghats are almost continuous, the Eastern Ghats are broken and uneven. The plateau is rich in minerals like coal and iron-ore. To the west of the Western Ghats and the east of Eastern Ghats lie the coastal plains. The western coastal plains are very narrow. The eastern coastal plains are much broader. There are a number of east flowing rivers. The rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri drain into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers have formed fertile deltas at their mouth. The Sunderban delta is formed where the Ganga and Brahmaputra flow into the Bay of Bengal. Two groups of islands also form part of India. Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea. These are coral islands located off the coast of Kerala. The Andaman and the Nicobar Islands lie to the southeast of the Indian mainland in the Bay of Bengal. Tsunami is a huge sea wave generated due to an earthquake on the sea floor.
Q.1. The Himalaya is located in which direction?
(a) East $\quad$ (b) West $\quad$ (c) North $\quad$ (d) South
Q.2. Where does the peninsular plateau lie?
(a) In the eastern part of India $\quad$ (b) In the western part of India
(c) In the northern part of India $\quad$ (d) In the southern part of India
Q.3. Where do the rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri drain?
(a) Western Ghats $\quad$ (b) Lakshadweep $\quad$ (c) Bay of Bengal $\quad$ (d) None of these
Q.4. Aravalli hill is located in which state?
(a) Rajasthan $\quad$ (b) Maharashtra $\quad$ (c) Tamil Nadu $\quad$ (d) None of these

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India is a country of vast geographical expanse. In the north, it is bound by the lofty Himalayas. The Arabian Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Indian Ocean in the south, wash the shores of the Indian peninsula. India has an area of about 3.28 million km. The north-south extent from Ladakh to Kanyakumari is about 3,200 km. And the east-west extent from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2,900 km. The lofty mountains, the Great Indian Desert, the Northern Plains, the uneven plateau surface and the coasts and islands present a diversity of landforms. There is a great variety in the climate, vegetation, wildlife as well as in the language and culture. In this diversity, we find the unity that is reflected in traditions that bind us as one nation. India has a population of more than 120 crores since the year 2011. It is the second most populous country of the world after China. India is located in the Northern Hemisphere. The Tropic of Cancer $\left(23^{\circ} 30 / N \right)$ passes almost halfway through the country. From south to north, main land of India extends between $8^{\circ} 4^{\prime} N$ and $37^{\circ} 6 N$ latitudes. From west to east, India extends between $68^{\circ} 7^{\prime} E$ and $97^{\circ} 25^{\prime} E$ longitudes. If we divide the world into eastern and western hemispheres, which hemisphere would India belong to? Due to great longitudinal extent of about $29^{\circ}$, there could be wide differences in local time of places located at two extreme points of India. As such, the difference between these two points would be of about two hours. As you have learnt earlier, the local time changes by four minutes for every one degree of longitude. The Sun rises about two hours earlier in the east (Arunachal Pradesh) than in the west (Gujarat). You have already read earlier, why the local time of longitude of $82^{\circ} 30^{\prime} E$ has been taken as the Indian Standard Time. This meridian or longitude is also termed as the Standard Meridian of India.
Q.1. India has an area of:
(a) 3.28 million sq.km. $\quad$ (b) 2.58 million sq.km.
(c) 1.32 million sq.km. $\quad$ (d) None of these
Q.2. Which type of variety of landform is found in India?
(a) Mountain $\quad$ (b) Desert $\quad$ (c) Plain and Plateau $\quad$ (d) All of these
Q.3. India’s vast varieties is/are:
(a) Climate $\quad$ (b) Vegetation and wildlife
(c) Language and culture $\quad$ (d) All of the above
Q.4. Which is the second most populous country of the world after China?
(a) Australia $\quad$ (b) New Zealand $\quad$ (c) Sri Lanka $\quad$ (d) India

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The most popular reference to a geographical area being described as Bharat is in the Vishnu Purana- “Uttaram yat samudrasya, Himadreschaiva dakshinam, varsham tad Bharatam nama Bharati yatra santatih”, meaning, the country that lies to the north of the ocean and to the south of the snowy mountains is called Bharata as there dwell the descendants of Bharat. In Hindu scriptures Bharatvarsha is identified as part of a larger geographical entity called Jambudweepa.
Bharata, whose descendants were said to be living in a particular area in Vishnu Purana, is commonly thought to be King Bharata, the son of Dushyant and Shakuntala, and an ancestor of Kauravas and Pandavas. That also explains the name of the ‘Mahabharata’ which chronicles the war between Bharata’s descendants. In the Vedas, Bharata is the name of a tribe. King Sudasa of the Bharata tribe fights a war against the Puru tribe of which the Bharta tribe was a part. Later, Kuru dynasty emerged from the Bharata lineage in which King Bharata was born.
Q.1. What is the geographical location of Bharat, according to the Vishnu Purana?
(a) North of the snowy mountains and south of the ocean.
(b) North of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains.
(c) East of the snowy mountains and west of the ocean.
(d) West of the snowy mountains and east of the ocean.
Q.2. The term ‘Bharatavarsha’ was mentioned in which ancient text?
(a) Rig Veda $\quad$ (b) Mahabharata $\quad$ (c) Vishnu Purana $\quad$ (d) None of these
Q.3. In Hindu scriptures, Bharatvarsha is identified as a part of which larger geographical entity?
(a) Jambudweepa $\quad$ (b) Aryavarta $\quad$ (c) Indraprastha $\quad$ (d) Bharata
Q.4. In Vishnu Puaran, who is commonly thought to be the ‘Bharata’?
(a) A Vedic sage $\quad$ (b) An ancient tribe
(c) A king from the Kuril dynasty $\quad$ (d) The son of Dushyant and Shakuntala

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