$(1)$ Pentose $(2)$ Pentulose $(3)$ Hexulose $(4)$ Hexose
$(5)$ Aldose $(6)$ Ketose $(7)$ Pyranose $(8)$ Furanose
$I.$ They activate many enzymes
$II.$ They participate in the oxidation of glucose to produce $ATP$
$III.$ Along with sodium ions, they are responsible for the transmission of nerve signals

Arginine, Phenylalanine, Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Histidine, Valine, Proline