Question
What are the conditions under which $\Delta H =\Delta U$ ?

Answer

1. For any thermodynamic process or a chemical reaction at constant volume, $\Delta V =0$.
2. Since $\Delta H=\Delta U+P \Delta V$, at constant volume $\Delta H=\Delta U$.
3. In the reactions, involving only solids and liquids, $\Delta V$ is negligibly small, hence $\Delta H =\Delta H$.
4. In a chemical reaction, in which number of moles of gaseous reactants and gaseous products are equal, then change in number of moles, $\Delta n=n_2-n_1=0$. Since $\Delta H=\Delta U+$ $\Delta n R T$, as $\Delta n=0, \Delta H=\Delta U$.

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