The changes that took place in varna-based society were as follows
→ Rules prescribed by the Brahmanas, were accepted by the rulers of large kingdoms.
→ The difference between the high and low, and between the rich and the poor, increased. This further created hierarchy between social classes.
→ Smaller castes or jatis emerged within varnas.
→ New castes among the Brahmanas emerged. Specialised artisans like smiths, carpenters and masons were recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmanas.