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MODEL PAPER - 9 [2026] — Science STD 10 — Question

CBSE BoardEnglish MediumSTD 10ScienceMODEL PAPER - 9 [2026]5 Marks
Question
What constitutes the central and peripheral nervous systems? How are the components of central nervous system protected? Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury?
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Answer

Central - Brain and Spinal cord: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control centerof the nervous system and is responsible for processing sensory information, initiating voluntary movements, regulatinginvoluntary functions (such as heartbeat and respiration), and higher cognitive functions (such as thinking, memory, andemotions).
Peripheral - cranial nerves and spinal nerves: The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves and ganglia (clusters of nerve cell bodies) outside of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body,including muscles, glands, and sensory organs.
- Protection of the Components of the Central Nervous System:
- The brain is protected by the skull, a hard and bony structure that surrounds and encases the brain tissue, providing physical protection against external trauma.
- The spinal cord is surrounded by a series of protective membranes called meninges, which provide additional cushioning and support. The three layers of meninges are the dura mater (outer layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer), and pia mater (inner layer).
- Signals Disrupted in Case of Spinal Cord Injury:
- A spinal cord injury disrupts the transmission of nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body, leading to various impairments depending on the location and severity of the injury.
- Motor signals: Damage to the spinal cord can result in paralysis or weakness of muscles below the level of injury, leadingto loss of voluntary movement and control.
- Sensory signals: Spinal cord injury can also cause loss of sensation, including touch, temperature, and proprioception (awareness of body position and movement).

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