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Principles of Inheritance and Variation — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

Maharashtra BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 ScienceBIOLOGYPrinciples of Inheritance and Variation4 Marks
Question
What is the cause of frameshift mutation?
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Answer

Deletions and insenions of base pairs of DNA cause frameshift mutation.

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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
Ananya is a biologist, her research guide assigned project, i.e., to determine the effect ofin tra-specific competition on the growth of sapling of Eucalyptus. For this, she designed an experiment in which two sets of pots were used. ln the first set (set A) only I sapling was planted per pot and in the other set (set B) $16$ saplings were planted per pot. To check for the effect of intra-specific competition on allocation of resources, a decreasing amount of water was added to each set. The results have been graphically indicated. Which of the following conclusions can indicated as follows:
  1. Which of the following statements can be concluded from the given study?
  1. More resources are allocated to the root during low water conditions.
  2. Competition for water among individuals of a population causes more root growth as compared to individuals who are growing alone.
  3. Lesser leaves are formed under low water conditions.
  4. Root growth is higher in individual grown singly as compared to individuals in populations.
  1. Which of the following associations is an example of competitions?
  1. Cuscuta and hedge plant.
  2. Balanus and Cathamalus.
  3. Cactus and moth.
  4. Orchid and mango.
  1. If '+' sign is assigned to beneficial interaction, '-' sign to detrimental and O sign to neutral interaction, then the population interaction of competition refers to:
  1. +, +
  2. -, -
  3. +, -
  4. +, 0
  1. lntraspecific competition is more severe due to:
  1. similar needs.
  2. similar adaptations.
  3. common resources.
  4. all of these.
  1. Assertion: Two members of a competing species may co-exist.
Reason: Different individuals of a species have different resource requirements.
  1. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
The first menstruation is called menarche, that usually occurs between 12 and 15 years. In human females, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about 28/29 days and is called menstrual cycle. It is regulated by certain hormones, as pituitary gland is stimulated by releasing factors produced in the hypothalamus. The hormones produced by pituitary gland influence the ovaries. The hormones secreted by the ovaries affect the walls of the uterus.
  1. The breakdown of endometrium is characteristic of:
  1. Proliferative phase.
  2. Luteal phase.
  3. Ovulatory phase.
  4. Menstrual phase.
  1. Which days of the menstrual cycle marks the proliferative phase?
  1. 1-5
  2. 15-28
  3. 6-13
  4. 10-14
  1. Which of the following occurs during secretory phase?
  1. Empty Graafian follicle changes into corpus luteum.
  2. Primary follicle changes into Graafian follicle.
  3. Endometrium rebuilds and estrogen secretion increases.
  4. LH surge, inducing release of an ovum.
  1. Identify the hormones that attain peak level during ovulatory phase.
  1. FSH.
  2. Progesterone.
  3. LH.
  4. Both (a) and (c).
  1. Withdrawal of which hormone causes degeneration of corpus luteum?
  1. FSH.
  2. LH.
  3. Progesterone.
  4. Estrogen.
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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
Growth of a population with time shows specific and predictable patterns. Two types of growth pattern of population are exponential and logistic growth. When resources in the habitat are unlimited each species has the ability to realise fully its innate potential to grow in number. Then the population grows in exponential fashion. When the resources are limited growth curve shows an initial slow rate and then it accelerates and finally slows giving the growth curve which is sigmoid.
  1. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
  1. Exponential growth occurs in organism such as lemmings.
  2. Logistic growth is more realistic.
  3. Exponential growth has two phases lag and log.
  4. ln logistic growth, population passes well beyond the carrying capacity of ecosystem.
  1. Which of the following equations correctly represents the exponential population growth curve?
  1. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\text{rN}$
  2. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\text{rN}\Big(\frac{\text{K-N}}{\text{K}}\Big)$
  3. $\text{N}_\text{t}=\text{N}_\text{o}\text{e}^\text{rt}$
  4. Both (a) and (c).
  1. Which of the following equations correctly represents Verhulst-Pearl logistic growth?
  1. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\text{rN}\Big(\frac{\text{K-N}}{\text{K}}\Big)$
  2. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\frac{\text{rN}}{\text{K}}$
  3. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\frac{\text{N}(\text{K}-\text{N})}{\text{K}}$
  4. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\frac{\text{r}(\text{K}-\text{N})}{\text{K}}$
  1. The population growth is generally described by the following equation:
$\frac{\text{dN}}{\text{dt}}=\text{rN}\Big(\frac{\text{K}-\text{N}}{\text{K}}\Big)$

What does 'r' represent in the given equation?
  1. Population density at time 't'.
  2. Intrinsic rate of natural increase.
  3. Carrying capacity.
  4. The base of natural logarithm.
  1. Study the population growth curves (A and B) in the given graph and select the incorrect option.
  1. Curve 'A: shows exponential growth, represented by equation $\frac{\text{dN}}{\text{dt}}=\text{rN}$.
  2. Curve 'B' shows logistic growth, represented by equation $\frac{\text{dN}}{\text{dt}}=\text{rN}\Big(\frac{\text{K}-\text{N}}{\text{K}}\Big)$
  3. Exponential growth curve is considered as more realistic than the logistic growth curve.
  4. Curve 'A' can also be represented by equation $\text{N}_\text{t}=\text{N}_\text{o}\text{e}^\text{rt}$.
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Match the hormones with their sourc
Column AColumn B
(1) Glucagon(i) Neurohypophysis
(2) Adrenaline(ii) Islets of Langerhans
(3) Somato tropins(iii) Adenohypophysis
(4) ADH(iv) Medulla 
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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals. Mammary glands are paired structures that contain glandular tissue and variable amount of fat. Refer to the given figure of a mammary gland and answer the following questions.
  1. Mammary glands are modified:
  1. Sweat glands.
  2. Sebaceous glands.
  3. Sudoriferous glands.
  4. Lacrimal glands.
  1. Identify the incorrectly matched pair.
  1. P - Areola.
  2. Q - Lactiferous duct.
  3. S - Mammary duct.
  4. T - Mammary alveoli.
  1. Mammary ducts expand to form:
  1. Mammary alveoli.
  2. Mammary ampullae.
  3. Lactiferous ducts.
  4. Mammary tubules.
  1. What is areola?
  1. Grape-like clusters of milk secreting structures.
  2. Fatty tissue between the mammary lobes.
  3. Circular pigmented area of skin around nipple.
  4. Connective tissue that supports the alveoli and ducts.
  1. Assertion: The size of breast depends on the amount of adipose tissue.
Reason: The adipose tissue supports the alveoli and the ducts.
  1. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true, but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
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Column AColumn B
(1) Neurons(a) Earthworm
(2) Ladder type(b) Hydra
(3) Ganglion(c) Flatworm
(4) Nerve net(d) Human
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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 marked the beginning of the remarkable era in medical field. Penicillin was the first antibiotic extracted from Penicillium notatum. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial diseases. These can be broad spectrum which can kill diverse group of disease causing bacteria and narrow spectrum which is effective only against one group of pathogenic strain. Antibiotics can act as bactericides or bacteriostatic. Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria by - disruption of cell wall synthesis (e.g., penicillin, cephalosporin, etc.), inhibition of SOS ribosome function (e.g.; erythromycin), inhibition of 30S ribosome function (e.g., streptomycin, neomycin), inhibition of amino acid-tRNA binding to ribosome (e.g., tetracyline). etc. Bacteriostatic antibiotics do not kill the bacteria rather they restrict the growth of bacteria. Penicillin belongs to $\beta$-lactum group of antibiotics and it inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding and inactivating protein. It inhibits transpeptidation of reaction and blocks cross-linking of the cell wall. It is used to treat tonsilitis, sore throat, gonorrhoea, rheumatic fever and some pneumonia types.
  1. The first antibiotic was extracted from a:
  1. Lichen.
  2. Fungus.
  3. Eubacteria.
  4. Acti-nomycetes.
  1. Which of the following kills bacteria by interfering SOS ribosome function?
  1. Cephalosporin.
  2. Erythromycin.
  3. Streptomycin.
  4. Neomycin.
  1. $\beta$-lactum group of antibiotics kill the bacterial pathogen by:
  1. Disruption of plasma membrane.
  2. Inhibition of translation of mRNA.
  3. Inhibition of translation of mRNA
  4. Inhibition of transcription of mRNA.
  1. Penicillin is not used to treat.
  1. Pneumonia.
  2. Tonsilitis.
  3. Rheumatic fever.
  4. Candidiasis.
  1. Assertion: Cephalosporins act by disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis mechanism.
Reason: Cephalosporins are bacteriostatic antibiotics.
  1. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
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Distinguish Between: Turner’s syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome.
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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
A young couple married for 5 years is unable to bear a child in spite of not practicing any birth control method. Upon consultation, doctor advised them an assisted reproductive technology involving transfer of gametes into oviducts.
  1. Identify the technique adopted by the couple.
  1. ZIFT
  2. JUI
  3. GIFT
  4. ICSI
  1. What is the pre-requisite of this technique?
  1. Gamete formation should be normal.
  2. Fallopian tubes should be normal.
  3. Female should have thick endometrial lining.
  4. Male should be able to copulate the female.
  1. Assertion: GIFT is an in-vitro fertilisation technique.
Reason: In GIFT, gametes are fertilised outside the female body.
  1. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true, but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
  1. The procedure advised to couple involves the transfer of:
  1. Fertilised ovum.
  2. Embryo with 8 blastomeres.
  3. Sperms and unfertilised ovum.
  4. Embryo with 16 blastomeres.
  1. What is the success rate of this procedure?
  1. 30-50%
  2. < 20%
  3. 80-85%
  4. 27-30%
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Read the following and answer any four questions from S(i) to S(v) given below:
Rajat is a student of biotechnology. His professor tells him that for transformation with recombinant DNA the bacterial cells must be made capable of taking up DNA as DNA do not pass through membrane. While doing experiment in the lab, Rajat noticed that bacterial cells were not taking up the foreign DNA even after treating it with sodium ion. He asked his professor, the reason behind this. His professor explained that he should check the valency and charge of the ion that he is using for the treatment.
  1. It is difficult for DNA to pass through the membrane as
  1. It is a hydrophilic molecule.
  2. It is a hydrophobic molecule.
  3. It is a circular molecule.
  4. It changes its shape when it comes in contact with host cell.
  1. What type of ions are used for DNA mediated gene transfers?
  1. Divalent anions.
  2. Divalent cations.
  3. Monovalent cations.
  4. Monovalent anions.
  1. rDNA stands for,
  1. reduced DNA
  2. red DNA
  3. recombinant DNA
  4. related DNA.
  1. Which of the following statements with regard to DNA is correct?
  1. DNA is a positively charged molecule having two polynucleotide chains.
  2. Nitrogen bases of two polynucleotide chain form complementary pairs, i.e., A opposite G and T opposite C.
  3. Backbone of DNA chain is built up of alternate deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group.
  4. Both (a) and (c)
  1. Assertion: Competent host is essential for transformation with rDNA.
Reason: Transfer of DNA in a prokaryotic cell is called transfection.
  1. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
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