Question
What is transgenic animals? How it is useful for man kind?
✓
Answer
→ Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals.
→ Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice.
(i) Normal physiology and development :
→ Transgenic animals can be specifically designed to allow the study of how genes are regulated, and how they affect the normal functions of the body and its development,
→ e.g., study of complex factors involved in growth such as insulin-like growth factor. By introducing genes from other species that alter the formation of this factor and studying the biological effects that result, information is obtained about the biological role of the factor in the body.
(ii) Study of disease :
→ Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease.
→ These are specially made to serve as models for human diseases so that investigation of new treatments for diseases is made possible.
→ Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer cystic fibrosis. rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's.
(iii) Biological products :
→ Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products but such products are often expensive to make.
→ Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of DNA (of genes) which codes for a particular product.
Examples :
→ human protein ($\alpha$ -1-antitrypsin) used to treat emphysema.
→ Similar attempts are being made for treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic fibrosis.
→ In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human a lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk.
(iv) Vaccine safety :
→ Transgenic mice are being developed for use intesting the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans.
→ Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the polio vaccine.
If successful and found to be reliable, they could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of batches of the vaccine.
(v) Chemical safety testing :
→ This is known as toxicity/safety testing.
→ The procedure is the same as that used for testing toxicity of drugs.
→ Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals.
→ They are then exposed to the toxic substances and the effects studied.
→ Toxicity testing in such animals will allow us to obtain results in less time.
→ Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, although over 95 per cent of all existing transgenic animals are mice.
(i) Normal physiology and development :
→ Transgenic animals can be specifically designed to allow the study of how genes are regulated, and how they affect the normal functions of the body and its development,
→ e.g., study of complex factors involved in growth such as insulin-like growth factor. By introducing genes from other species that alter the formation of this factor and studying the biological effects that result, information is obtained about the biological role of the factor in the body.
(ii) Study of disease :
→ Many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease.
→ These are specially made to serve as models for human diseases so that investigation of new treatments for diseases is made possible.
→ Today transgenic models exist for many human diseases such as cancer cystic fibrosis. rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's.
(iii) Biological products :
→ Medicines required to treat certain human diseases can contain biological products but such products are often expensive to make.
→ Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of DNA (of genes) which codes for a particular product.
Examples :
→ human protein ($\alpha$ -1-antitrypsin) used to treat emphysema.
→ Similar attempts are being made for treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic fibrosis.
→ In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 grams per litre). The milk contained the human a lactalbumin and was nutritionally a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk.
(iv) Vaccine safety :
→ Transgenic mice are being developed for use intesting the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans.
→ Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the polio vaccine.
If successful and found to be reliable, they could replace the use of monkeys to test the safety of batches of the vaccine.
(v) Chemical safety testing :
→ This is known as toxicity/safety testing.
→ The procedure is the same as that used for testing toxicity of drugs.
→ Transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals.
→ They are then exposed to the toxic substances and the effects studied.
→ Toxicity testing in such animals will allow us to obtain results in less time.
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ii. What is the reason of symptoms of malaria?
iii. Name the body parts and host in which following events takes place in life cycle of plasmodium.
a. asexual reproduction
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Malaria and dengue fever are major mosquito-borne public health problems in tropical countries. The authors report a malaria and dengue co-infection in an 11-year-old boy who presented with sustained fever for 10 days. The physical examination revealed a flushed face, injected conjunctivae and left submandibular lymphadenopathy. His peripheral blood smear showed few ring-form trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. His blood tests were positive for dengue NS-1 antigen and IgM antibody, and negative for IgG antibody. After the initiation of antimalarial treatment with artesunate and mefloquine, his clinical condition gradually improved. However, he still had low-grade fever that persisted for 6 days. Finally, he recovered well without fluid leakage, shock or severe bleeding.
i. Name the fish that help in eradication of mosquito larvae.
ii. What is the reason of symptoms of malaria?
iii. Name the body parts and host in which following events takes place in life cycle of plasmodium.
a. asexual reproduction
b. sexual reproduction.
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Name some vector borne diseases and their vector.
Give information about primary and secondary lymphoid organ ### Explain lymphatic organs of human lymphatic system. (Diagram is not required)
Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
The DNA, which is transferred from one organism into another by joining it with the vehicle DNA is called passenger or foreign DNA. Generally three types of passenger DNAs are used. These are complementary DNA (cDNA), synthetic DNA (sDNA) and random DNA. Complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized on RNA template (usually mRNA) with the help of reverse transcriptase. Synthetic DNA (sDNA) is synthesized on DNA template or without a template. Random DNA are small fragments fanned by breaking a chromosome of an organism in the presence of restriction endonucleases.
The DNA, which is transferred from one organism into another by joining it with the vehicle DNA is called passenger or foreign DNA. Generally three types of passenger DNAs are used. These are complementary DNA (cDNA), synthetic DNA (sDNA) and random DNA. Complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized on RNA template (usually mRNA) with the help of reverse transcriptase. Synthetic DNA (sDNA) is synthesized on DNA template or without a template. Random DNA are small fragments fanned by breaking a chromosome of an organism in the presence of restriction endonucleases.
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- Cohen and Boyer.
- Arber and Nathan.
- Paul Berg.
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- Optimum mobility.
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- Monovalent anions.
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- related DNA.
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