3 Marks Question - Physics STD 12 Science Questions - Vidyadip

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Question 13 Marks

popular game in Indian villages is goli which is played with small glass balls called golis. The goli of one player is situated at a distance of 2.0m from the goli of the second player. This second player has to project his goli by keeping the thumb of the left hand at the place of his goli, holding the goli between his two middle fingers and making the throw. If the projected goli hits the goli of the first player, the second player wins. If the height from which the goli is projected is 19.6cm from the ground and the goli is to be projected horizontally, with what speed should it be projected so that it directly hits the stationary goli without falling on the ground earlier?

Answer

The goli move like a projectile.

Here h = 0.196m

Horizontal distance X = 2m

Acceleration g = 9.8m/s².

Time to reach the ground i.e.

$\text{t}=\sqrt{\frac{2\text{h}}{\text{g}}}=\sqrt{\frac{2\times0.196}{9.8}}=0.2\sec$

Horizontal velocity with which it is projected be u.

$\therefore\text{x = ut}$

$\Rightarrow\text{u}=\frac{\text{x}}{\text{t}}=\frac{2}{0.2}=10\text{m/s}.$

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Question 23 Marks

A person sitting on the top of a tall building is dropping balls at regular intervals of one second. Find the positions of the 3^rd, 4^th and 5^th ball when the 6^th ball is being dropped.

Answer

For every ball, u = 0, a = g = 9.8m/s²

$\therefore$ 4^th ball move for 2 sec, 5^th ball 1 sec and 3^rd ball 3 sec when 6^th ball is being dropped.

For 3^rd ball t = 3 sec

$\text{S}_3=\text{ut}+\frac{1}{2}\text{at}^2=0+\frac{1}{2}(9.8)3^2=4.9\text{m}$ below the top.

For 4^th ball, t = 2 sec

$\text{S}_2=0+\frac{1}{2}\text{ gt}^2=\frac{1}{2}(9.8)2^2=19.6\text{m}$ below the top (u = 0)

For 5^th ball, t = 1 sec

$\text{S}_3=\text{ut}+\frac{1}{2}\text{at}^2=0+\frac{1}{2}(9.8)\text{t}^2=4.98\text{m}$ below the top.

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Question 33 Marks

A person standing on the top of a cliff 171ft high has to throw a packet to his friend standing on the ground 228ft horizontally away. If he throws the packet directly aiming at the friend with a speed of 15.0ft/s, how short will the packet fall?

Answer

$\tan\theta=\frac{171}{228}$

$\Rightarrow\theta=\tan^{-1}\Big(\frac{171}{228}\Big)$

The motion of projectile (i.e. the packed) is from A. Taken reference axis at A.

$\therefore\theta=-37^{\circ}$ as u is below x-axis.

u = 15ft/s, g = 32.2ft/s², y = -171ft

$\text{y = x}\tan\theta-\frac{\text{x}^2\text{g}\sec^2\theta}{2\text{u}^2}$

$\therefore-171=-\text{x}(0.7536)-\frac{\text{x}^2\text{g}(1.568)}{2(225)}$

$\Rightarrow0.1125\text{x}^2+0.7536\text{x}-171=0$

$\text{}=35.78\text{ft}$

Horizontal range covered by the packet is 35.78ft.

So, the packet will fall 228 - 35.78 = 192ft short of his friend.

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Question 43 Marks

A particle starts from the origin, goes along the X-axis to the point (20m, 0) and then returns along the same line to the point (-20m, 0). Find the distance and displacement of the particle during the trip.

Answer

O → Starting point origin.

Distance travelled = 20 + 20 + 20 = 60m
Displacement is only OB = 20m in the negative direction.

Displacement → Distance between final and initial position.

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Question 53 Marks

A ball is projected vertically upward with a speed of 50m/s. Find:

The maximum height.
The time to reach the maximum height.
The speed at half the maximum height. Take g = 10m/s².

Answer

u = 50m/s, g = -10m/s²when moving upward, v = 0 (at highest point).

$\text{S}=\frac{\text{v}^2-\text{u}^2}{2\text{a}}=\frac{0-15}{2(-10)}=125\text{m}$

maximum height reached = 125m

$\text{t}=\frac{(\text{v}-\text{u})}{\text{a}}=\frac{(0-50)}{-10}=5\text{ sec}.$
$\text{s}'=\frac{125}{2}=62.5\text{m},\text{u}=50\text{m/s, a}=-10\text{m/s}^2,$

$\text{v}^2-\text{u}^2=2\text{as}$

$\Rightarrow\text{v}=\sqrt{(\text{u}^2+2\text{as})}=\sqrt{50^2+(-10)(62.5)}=35\text{m/s}.$

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Question 63 Marks

Find the average velocity of a projectile between the instants it crosses half the maximum height. It is projected with a speed u at an angle $\theta$ with the horizontal.

Answer

Total of flight $\text{T}=\frac{2\text{u}\sin\theta}{\text{g}}$
Average velocity $=\frac{\text{change in displacement}}{\text{time}}$
From the figure, it can be said AB is horizontal. So there is no effect of vertical component of the velocity during this displacement.
So because the body moves at a constant speed of $'\text{u}\cos\theta'$ in horizontal direction.
The average velocity during this displacement will be $\text{u}\cos\theta$ in the horizontal direction.

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Question 73 Marks

A man has to go 50m due north, 40m due east and 20m due south to reach a field.

What distance he has to walk to reach the field?
What is his displacement from his house to the field?

Answer

Distance travelled = 50 + 40 + 20 = 110m
AF = AB - BF = AB - DC = 50 - 20 = 30m

His displacement is AD

$\text{AD}=\sqrt{\text{AF}^2-\text{DF}^2}=\sqrt{30^2+40^2}=50\text{m}$

In $\triangle\text{AED}$

$\Rightarrow\tan\theta=\frac{\text{DE}}{\text{AE}}=\frac{30}{40}=\frac{3}{4}$

$\Rightarrow\theta=\tan^{-1}\Big(\frac{3}{4}\Big)$

His displacement from his house to the field is 50m, $\tan^{-1}\Big(\frac{3}{4}\Big)$ north to east.

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Question 83 Marks

A swimmer wishes to cross a 500m wide river flowing at 5km/h. His speed with respect to water is 3km/h.

If he heads in a direction making an angle 0 with the flow, find the time he takes to cross the river.
Find the shortest possible time to cross the river.

Answer

The vertical component $3\sin\theta$ takes him to opposite side.

$\text{Distance = 0.5km, velocity = 3}\sin\theta\text{km/h}$

$\text{Time}=\frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Velocity}}$

$=\frac{0.5}{3\sin\theta}\text{hr}$

$=\frac{10}{\sin\theta}\text{min}.$

Here vertical component of velocity i.e. 3km/hr takes him to opposite side.

$\text{Time}=\frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Velocity}}$

$=\frac{0.5}{3}=0.16\text{hr}$

$\therefore0.16\text{hr}=60\times0.16=9.6=10\text{ minute.}$

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Question 93 Marks

A river 400m wide is flowing at a rate of 2.0m/s. A boat is sailing at a velocity of 10m/s with respect to the water, in a direction perpendicular to the river.

Find the time taken by the boat to reach the opposite bank.
How far from the point directly opposite to the starting point does the boat reach the opposite bank?

Answer

Here the boat moves with the resultant velocity R. But the vertical component 10m/s takes him to the opposite shore.

$\tan\theta=\frac{2}{10}=\frac{1}{5}$

Velocity = 10m/s

distance = 400m

$\text{Time}=\frac{400}{10}=40\sec.$

The boat will reach at point C.

In $\triangle\text{ABC},\tan\theta=\frac{\text{BC}}{\text{AB}}=\frac{\text{BC}}{400}=\frac{1}{5}$

$\Rightarrow\text{BC}=\frac{400}{5}=80\text{m}$

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Question 103 Marks

Figure shows the graph of velocity versus time for a particle going along the X-axis. Find:

The acceleration.
The distance travelled in 0 to 10s.
The displacement in 0 to 10s.

Answer

Initial velocity u = 2m/s.

final velocity v = 8m/s

time = 10 sec,

acceleration $=\frac{\text{v}-\text{u}}{\text{ta}}=\frac{8-2}{10}=0.6\text{m/s}^2$

v² - u² = 2aS

$\Rightarrow\text{Distance S}=\frac{\text{v}^2-\text{u}^2}{2\text{a}}=\frac{8^2-2^2}{2\times0.6}=50\text{m}.$

Displacement is same as distance travelled.

Displacement = 50m.

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Question 113 Marks

The acceleration of a cart started at t = 0, varies with time as shown in figure. Find the distance travelled in 30 seconds and draw the position-time graph.

Answer

In 1^stseconds,

$\text{S}_1=\text{ut}+\frac{1}{2}\text{at}^2=0+\frac{1}{2}\times5\times10^2=250\text{ft}.$

At t = 10s,

v = u + at = 0 + 5 × 10 = 50ft/s

$\therefore$ From 10 to 20 seconds $(\triangle\text{t} = 20-10 = 10 \text{ sec})$ moves with uniform velocity 50ft/sec,

Distance S₂ = 50 × 10 = 500ft

Between 20 sec to 30 sec acceleration is constant i.e. -5ft/s². At 20 sec velocity is 50ft/sec.

t = 30 - 20 = 10s

$\text{S}_3=\text{ut}+\frac{1}{2}\text{at}^2=50\times10+\frac{1}{2}(-5)10^2$

$\text{S}_3=500-250=250\text{ft}$

Total distance travelled is 30s:

S₁ + S₂ + S₃

= 250 + 500 + 250

= 1000ft

The position-time graph:

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Question 123 Marks

A ball is dropped from a height. If it takes 0.200s to cross the last 6.00m before hitting the ground, find the height from which it was dropped. Take g = 10m/s².

Answer

For last 6m distance travelled s = 6m, u = ?

t = 0.2 sec, a = g = 9.8m/s²

$\text{S = ut}+\frac{1}{2}\text{at}^2$

$\Rightarrow6=\text{u}(0.2)+4.9\times0.04$

$\Rightarrow\text{u}=\frac{5.8}{0.2}=29\text{m/s}.$

For distance x, u = 0, v = 29m/s, a = g = 9.8m/s²

$\text{S}=\frac{\text{v}^2-\text{u}^2}{2\text{a}}=\frac{29^2-0^2}{2\times9.8}=42.05\text{m}$

Total distance = 42.05 + 6 = 48.05 = 48m.

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Question 133 Marks

A ball is dropped from a balloon going up at a speed of 7m/s. If the balloon was at a height 60m at the time of dropping the ball, how long will the ball take in reaching the ground?

Answer

Initially the ball is going upward

u = -7m/s, s = 60m, a = g = 10m/s²

$\text{s = ut}+\frac{1}{2}\text{at}^2$

$\Rightarrow60=-7\text{t}+\frac{1}{2}10\text{t}^2$

$\Rightarrow5\text{t}^2-7\text{t}-60=0$

$\text{t}=\frac{7\pm\sqrt{49-4.5(-60)}}{2\times5}=\frac{7\pm35.34}{10}$

taking positive sign $\text{t}=\frac{7+35.34}{10}=4.2\sec$ $(\therefore\text{t}\neq-\text{ve})$

Therefore, the ball will take 4.2 sec to reach the ground.

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Question 143 Marks

Six particles situated at the corners of a regular hexagon of side a move at a constant speed v. Each particle maintains a direction towards the particle at the next corner. Calculate the time the particles will take to meet each other.

Answer

The particles meet at the centroid O of the triangle. At any instant the particles will form an equilateral $\triangle\text{ABC}$ with the same centroid.

Consider the motion of particle A. At any instant its velocity makes angle 30°. This component is the rate of decrease of the distance AO.

Initially AO $=\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{\text{a}^2-\Big(\frac{\text{a}}{2}\Big)^2}=\frac{\text{a}}{\sqrt{3}}$

Therefore, the time taken for AO to become zero.

$=\frac{\frac{\text{a}}{\sqrt{3}}}{\text{v}\cos30^{\circ}}=\frac{2\text{a}}{\sqrt{3}\text{v}\times\sqrt{3}}=\frac{2\text{a}}{3\text{v}}$

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Question 153 Marks

In a soccer practice session the football is kept at the centre of the field 40 yards from the 10ft high goalposts. A goal is attempted by kicking the football at a speed of 64ft/s at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. Will the ball reach the goal post?

Answer

g = 9.8m/s², 32.2ft/s² ; 40yd = 120ft

horizontal range $\text{x}=120\text{ft, u}=64\text{ft/s},\theta=45^{\circ}$

We know that horizontal range $\text{x = u}\cos\theta\text{t}$

$\Rightarrow\text{t}=\frac{\text{x}}{\text{u}\cos\theta}=\frac{120}{64\cos45^{\circ}}=2.65\sec.$

$\text{y = u}\sin\theta(\text{t})-\frac{1}{2}\text{gt}^2=64\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}(2.65)}-\frac{1}{2}(32.2)(2.65)^2$

= 7.08ft which is less than the height of goal post.

In time 2.65, the ball travels horizontal distance 120ft (40yd) and vertical height 7.08ft which is less than 10ft. The ball will reach the goal post.

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Question 163 Marks

A ball is thrown at a speed of 40m/s at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. Find:

The maximum height reached.
The range of the ball. Take g = 10m/s².

Answer

u = 40m/s, a = g= 9.8m/s², $\theta$ = 60° Angle of projection.

Maximum height h $=\frac{\text{u}^2\sin^2\theta}{2\text{g}}=\frac{40^2(\sin60^{\circ})^2}{2\times10}=60\text{m}$
Horizontal range X $=\frac{(\text{u}^2\sin2\theta)}{\text{g}}$

$=\frac{(40^2\sin2(60^{\circ}))}{10}=80\sqrt{3}\text{m}.$

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Question 173 Marks

A bomb is dropped from a plane flying horizontally with uniform speed. Show that the bomb will explode vertically below the plane. Is the statement true if the plane flies with uniform speed but not horizontally?

Answer

During the motion of bomb its horizontal velocity u remains constant and is same as that of aeroplane at every point of its path. Suppose the bomb explode i.e. reach the ground in time t. Distance travelled in horizontal direction by bomb = ut = the distance travelled by aeroplane. So bomb explode vertically below the aeroplane.
Suppose the aeroplane move making angle $\theta$ with horizontal. For both bomb and aeroplane, horizontal distance is $\text{u}\cos\theta\text{t}.$ t is time for bomb to reach the ground. So in this case also, the bomb will explode vertically below aeroplane.

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Question 183 Marks

A man is sitting on the shore of a river. He is in the line of a 1.0m long boat and is 5.5m away from the centre of the boat. He wishes to throw an apple into the boat. If he can throw the apple only with a speed of 10m/s, find the minimum and maximum angles of projection for successful shot. Assume that the point of projection and the edge of the boat are in the same horizontal level.

Answer

When the apple just touches the end B of the boat.

x = 5m, u = 10m/s, g = 10m/s², $\theta$ = ?

$\text{x}=\frac{\text{u}^2\sin2\theta}{\text{g}}$

$\Rightarrow5=\frac{10^2\sin2\theta}{10}$

$\Rightarrow5=10\sin2\theta$

$\Rightarrow\sin2\theta=\frac{1}{2}$

$\Rightarrow\sin30^{\circ} $ or $\sin150^{\circ}$

$\Rightarrow\theta=15^{\circ}$ or $75^\circ$

Similarly for end C, x = 6m

Then $2\theta_1=\sin^{-1}\Big(\frac{\text{gx}}{\text{u}^2}\Big)=\sin^{-1}(0.6)=182^{\circ}$ or $71^{\circ}.$

So, for a successful shot, $\theta$ may very from 15° to 18° or 71° to 75°.

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Question 193 Marks

Figure shows a 11.7ft wide ditch with the approach roads at an angle of 15° with the horizontal. With what minimum speed should a motorbike be moving on the road so that it safely crosses the ditch?
Assume that the length of the bike is 5ft, and it leaves the road when the front part runs out of the approach road.

Answer

Horizontal range X = 11.7 + 5 = 16.7ft covered by te bike.

g = 9.8m/s² = 32.2ft/s².

y = x

$\tan\theta-\frac{\text{gx}^2\sec^2\theta}{2\text{u}^2}$

To find, minimum speed for just crossing, the ditch

y = 0 ($\therefore$ A is on the x axis)

$\Rightarrow\text{x}\tan\theta=\frac{\text{gx}^2\sec^2\theta}{2\text{u}^2}$

$\Rightarrow\text{u}^2=\frac{\text{gx}^2\sec^2\theta}{2\text{x}\tan\theta}=\frac{\text{gx}}{2\sin\theta\cos\theta}=\frac{\text{gx}}{\sin2\theta}$

$\Rightarrow\text{u}=\sqrt{\frac{(32.2)(16.7)}{\frac{1}{2}}}$ $\Big(\because\sin30^{\circ}=\frac{1}{2}\Big)$

⇒ u = 32.79ft/s = 32ft/s.

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Question 203 Marks

Suppose A and B in the previous problem change their positions in such a way that the line joining them becomes perpendicular to the direction of wind while maintaining the separation x. What will be the time lag B finds between seeing and hearing the drum beating by A?

Answer

Velocity of sound v, velocity of air u

Velocity of sound be in direction AC so it can reach B with resultant velocity AD.

Angle between v and u is $\theta>\frac{\pi}{2}.$

Resultant $\overrightarrow{\text{AD}}=\sqrt{(\text{v}^2-\text{u}^2)}$

Here time taken by light to reach B is neglected. So time lag between seeing and hearing = time to here the drum sound.

$\text{t}=\frac{\text{Displacement}}{\text{velocity}}$

$=\frac{\text{x}}{\sqrt{\text{v}^2-\text{u}^2}}$

$=\frac{\text{x}}{\sqrt{(\text{v + u})(\text{v}-\text{u})}}=\frac{\text{x}}{\sqrt{\big(\frac{\text{x}}{\text{t}_1}\big)\big(\frac{\text{x}}{\text{t}_2}\big)}}$

$=\sqrt{\text{t}_1\text{t}_2}.$

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Question 213 Marks

A healthy youngman standing at a distance of 7m from a 11.8m high building sees a kid slipping from the top floor. With what speed (assumed uniform) should he run to catch the kid at the arms height (1.8m)?

Answer

At point B (i.e. over 1.8m from ground) the kid should be catched.

For kid initial velocity u = 0

Acceleration = 9.8m/s²

Distance S = 11.8 - 1.8 = 10m

$\text{S = ut}+\frac{1}{2}\text{at}^2$

$\Rightarrow10=0+\frac{1}{2}(9.8)\text{t}^2$

$\Rightarrow\text{t}^2=2.04$

$\Rightarrow\text{t}=1.42$

In this time the man has to reach at the bottom of the building.

Velocity $\frac{\text{s}}{\text{t}}=\frac{7}{1.42}=4.9\text{m/s}.$

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Question 223 Marks

Figure shows the x coordinate of a particle as a function of time. Find the signs of v_x and a_x at t = t₁, t = t₂ and t = t₃.

Answer

As slope is positive velocity is positive.

As slope is increasing acceleration is positive.

As slope is zero velocity is zero.

As slope is decreasing acceleration is negative.

As slope is negative velocity is negative.

As slope is increasing acceleration is positive.

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3 Marks Question - Physics STD 12 Science Questions - Vidyadip