Social Science SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(3 Mark)

Education helps in the human capital formation in the following ways:

1. Investment in education of human resource results in the formation of human capital.
2. One can earn higher income because of higher productivity of the more educated or better trained persons, thus contributing towards human capital formation.
3. Investment in human resource via education and medical care can give higher rates of return in the future.

India's literacy rate is at 74.04%.Kerala is the most literate state in India, with 93.91% literacy. Bihar is the least literate state inIndia, with a literacy of 63.82%.

1. A large population can be turned into a productive asset by investment in education, training and health. When people reached America, land was vast and free and it badly needed manpower to cultivate it.
2. Another example is Japan. Japan did not have any natural resource. The country made investments on their people especially in the fields of education and health. Ultimately, these people, after efficient use of their resources by developing new technologies, have made their country rich and developed.

Some parameters that decide quality of population of a country are:

1. Health conditions.
2. Health facilities.
3. Literacy rate.
4. Literacy facilities.

A large population can be turned into a productive asset through:

1. Investment in education.
2. Investment in health.
3. Training workers in modern technology.

Rampur was a small village which initially depended on agriculture which was also dependent on rainfall.

1. Then electricity reached the village and people could irrigate their fields and could grow 2 to 3 crops in a year and get work.
2. Some people set up small scale industries which could be run by electricity and provided employment to people.
3. A school was established and now the population started to become educated and as a result they could seek employment in and outside the village. The village became prosperous and soon had better health, education, transport and job facilities.

Health plays an important role in human capital formation. A healthy person is more likely to realize his full potential and can become an asset for the economy. An unhealthy person is less likely to realize his potential and can become a liability for the economy.

Women work is considered as economic activity when she earns something. When she is a housewife, she does home work and take care of house and children, it would not be considered as economic activity.

A vast difference is noticed across different sections of population as far as education is concerned.

1. Literacy among males is 50% higher than females and it is about 50% higher in urban areas as compared to the rural areas.
2. Literacy rates vary from 96% in some districts of Kerala to below 30% in some parts of Madhya Pradesh.
3. The primary school system has expanded to over 50,00,000 villages in India yet this expansion has also resulted in poor quality of schooling and high dropout rates.

Specially government have to consider this main economic problem in its future changes of monetary and fiscal policy. Unemployment is a severe problems prevailing in developing as well as developed countries. Unemployment has negative effects on the physical well-being of the suffering peoples.

Human capital makes use of the other resources like land, labour and physical capital to produce an output. The other resources cannot become useful on their own. Hence, human capital may well be considered the best among all the resources.

1. If there is development of human capital, it helps in the development of physical capital of a country.
2. If investment in human capital is done in the form of education and health, it can add value to a human resource then it can bring changes in other resources too.
3. Healthier the people, the more they work and more they produce and earn therefore, increases the productivity of a country.

A large population needs not to be classified as a liability but can be turned into a valuable asset by educating them and providing them with job opportunities in India unemployment is a big problem and due to unemployment this large population is seen as a liability rather than an asset so the government should provide the jobs to the unemployed persons specially in the depressed classes so it can be turned into an asset educating them.

This is because they have realised the importance of education for themselves and their children. They are also conscious of the proper nutrition and hygiene one needs. They accordingly look after their children’s needs for education at school, and good health.

Differences between market activities and non-market activities:

S.No.	Market Activities	Non-market Activities
1.	Market activities involve remuneration to any one who performs, i.e., activity performed for pay or profit.	Non-market activities are the production for self-consumption.
2.	These include production of goods or services including government service.	These can be consumption and processing of primary product and own account production of fixed assets.

Unemployment is a situation in which people who are able and willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.
An individual is termed as unemployed if he or she is part of the workforce of a country, and is capable and willing to work for payment, but is unable to do so.

The working age population is defined as those aged 15 to 64. The basic indicator for employment is the proportion of the working age population aged 15-64 who are employed. The age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working-age population. This indicator is measured as a percentage of population.

1. The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate and health of a person indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country.
2. The quality of population ultimately decides the growth rate of the country.
3. Illiterate and unhealthy population is a liability for the economy, whereas literate and healthy population is an asset.

‘People as Resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Looking at the population from this productive aspect, emphasises its ability to contribute to the creation of the Gross National Product. Like other resources, population also is a resource-a human resource.

The economic activities which involves the manufacturing new materials from the substances obtained by primary activities are called secondary activities like , wheat is product of primary activities we make bread and biscuits from bread this is example of secondary activities.

The role of education in human capital formation are as follows:

1. An educated society facilities better development than an illiterate one.
2. Education provide new aspirations and imports a modern outlook to children.
3. Education make sure people concerned for themselves and other, improve productivity and prosperity, and an riches life expensive.

Three ways of investment in human resource are:

1. By educating children so that they may be educated tomorrow and become a resource for the country.
2. By giving medical care.
3. By giving specialized training.

The benefits of good health are:

• Weight loss.
• Reduced cancer risk.
• Diabetes management.
• Heart health and stroke prevention.
• The health of the next generation.
• Strong bones and teeth.
• Better mood.
• Improved memory.

Health plays an important part in the individual’s working life because

1. An unhealthy person cannot work effiCiently.
2. If the body is healthy then only the mind can perform well.
3. A healthy person is able to work harder and better, thus earning more and living a better life.

Population of a country is its liability cause you need to provide infrastructure to sustain them, provide Medicare, education, jobs.
At the same time population is your asset as they are strength of the country, is market for goods, workforce, and like wise.
To make the population asset of the country the strategy requires better education, upskill them, technological advancements.

People can make the best use of nature to create more resources when they have the knowledge, skill and technology to do so. This is why human beings are considered a resource. It is the abilities of human beings which help in transferring a physical material into a valuable resource.
‘People as a resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. The idea of people as a resource is linked to the concept of human capital i.e., the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in a population. Any production of goods and services requires the presence of the four factors of production, namely land, labour, physical capital and human capital. The knowledge and enterprise provided by the human capital puts together the other three factors to produce an output. Population becomes an asset instead of a liability when investments are made in the form of education, training and medical care.

1. Very first investment on a child should be for the education, for that education loan can be taken. For education of child starts very soon so investments cannot be done.
2. Second thing, by buying gold at least of ₹ 5,000 will be the good investment for child's marriage.
3. Third thing, open one bank account on the name of child which will be functioned by parents only. By doing that good investment will be done for the child.

Economic activities are also called Market activities. Market activities involve remuneration to any one who performs activity performed for pay or profit. These include production of goods or services including government service.

Educated Unemployementis the situation wherein a number of youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find suitable jobs. India has a huge population and every year a large number of people graduate from schools and colleges. Employment generation in various sectors is not keeping pace with the number of educated people coming out of educational institutions. Due to this, educated unemployed is a peculiar problem of India.

When the existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it ‘human capital through education training and medical care formation’ that adds to the productive power of the country.

Various activities have been classified into three main sectors:

1. Primary Sector.
2. Secondary Sector.
3. Tertiary Sector.

Improving sanitation, access to clean drinking water, immunization against infectious diseases, and other public health measures can help reduce high rates of infant mortality.
Child mortality is the death of a child before the child's fifth birthday, measured as the under-5 child mortality rate (U5MR).

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, or SSA, is an Indian Government programme aimed at the universalisation of elementary education "in a time bound manner", the 86th Amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 and 14 a fundamental right.

In the end, population growth plays a key role in environmental sustainability. It can lead to the deforestation, water pollution, and air pollution. These have a negative effect on the environment and also impact human daily lives.

Education and skill are the major determinants of the earning of any individual in the market. Due to gender discrimination, women are generally denied the education and the necessary skills to become worthy contributors to the national income. As a result, a majority of women have meagre education and low skill formation. This is one of the reasons why they get paid less than men.

1. The literacy rate.
2. Health of a person indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of a country.
3. The quality of population ultimately decides the growth rate of the country.
4. An illiterate and unhealthy population is a liability for the economy, whereas a literate and healthy population is an asset.
5. The health of a person makes him realise his potential and the ability to fight illnesses.
6. An unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organisation and hence his country.
7. Health is an indispensable basis for realising one’s own well-being.

Literacy rate of India in 2011 is 74.04%. The Male literacy rate is 82.14% and Female literacy rate is 65.46% according to Census 2011.

Taking or giving favours is existing from almost beginning of developed human life. We found it all around, even in our literatures and books, we found existence of bribery.
If favours are not damaging society, religion, Nation or is not taken from a weak person by force or is not imposed, then bribe is one kind of speed money. But the minute, it changes hands to damage, is required to be curbed.

Activities that add value to the national income are called economic activities. These have two parts – market activities (production for pay or profit) and non-market activities (production for self consumption).
Non-economic activities are the ones that do not add to the national income; for example, an individual performing domestic chores.

On 4th October, the government of India approved the 12th five year plan (2012-17) that aims to achieve annual average economic growth rate of 8.2 per cent, down from 9 per cent (Eleventh plan 2007-12). The aim of the 12th Five Year plan is to achieve “faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth”.

Literacy is important because it is the foundation upon which people are able to interact with the world, educate themselves, and thus contribute to society as well as their own well being. Literacy programs offer parents the tools they require to help their children develop early language capabilities and literacy.

1. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resources.
2. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability.
3. There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth.
4. People do not have enough money to support their family. Inability of educated people who are willing to work, to find gainful employment, implies a great social waste.
5. Unemployment tends to increase the economic overload.
6. When a family has to live on bare subsistence levels, there is a general decline in its health status and a rising withdrawal from the school system.

It aims at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and nutritional service with a special focus on the underprivileged segment of the population. Over the last five decades, India has built up a vast health infrastructure and manpower required at the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors both at the government level as well as in the private sector.

In case of disguised unemployment, people appear to be employed. They have agricultural plot where they find work. The work requires the service of five people but engages eight people. Three people are extra. If three people are removed the productivity of the field will not decline. These three people are disguised unemployed.

1. The activities in this sector result in the production of goods and services.
2. These activities add value to the national income.

The strategy focuses on increasing access, quality, adoption of statesspecific curriculum modification, vocationalisation and networking on the use of information technology. The eleventh plan also focuses on distant education convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and it education institutions.

1. The first and foremost objective was to increase the enrollment in higher education of the 18 to 23 years age group from the present 6% to 9% by the end of the plan period.
2. The plan focused on increasing access, quality, adoption of states specific curriculum modification, vocationalisation and networking on the use of information technology.
3. The plan also focused on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and IT education institutions.

Human beings should be imparted with knowledge and skills to enable them acquire the scarcely distributed resources and maximize their full use by converting them to valuable products. Human capital is normally streamlined by skills which better their invention skills to innovate in diverse economic capacities for the growth of our nation.

Increase in unemployment means increase on population and less amount of jobs. Thus, the unemployment rate, which is a lagging indicator, can provide considerable information about the state of the economy or the health of particular business sectors. For example, high unemployment generally indicates that an economy is underperforming or has a falling gross domestic product.

Measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed:

• Make education at the secondary level more career-oriented, which would endow individuals with not only education but also the requisite skills for gaining successful employment.
• Create a sort of screening process whereby each individual chooses subjects that suit his or her abilities.
• The introduction of newer subjects and fields of study at the school level should be accompanied by a growth of job opportunities in the sectors that would employ the students electing to study such subjects.