Social Studies LONG ANS. QUESTIONS(5 Mark)

"Credit" refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.
Credit plays a vital and positive role as:
i. Credit helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and support their families.
ii. Credits help to increase earnings and therefore the persons are better off than before.
iii. To some people, loan helps a lot in constructing their houses and get relief from monthly rent.
iv. To others, it helps a lot in raising their standards.
Examples:
• A person who has enough calibre to start an industry but lacks money can start it by taking loans and under favourable condition pays it and starts his industrial life.
• A student who is unable to take admission in universities but is a scholar can use the loan as an opportunity.
• Farmers can buy new machinery to fasten their production using loans.

It is a dilemma that while the political parties are seen as an effective instrument of democratic decentralisation, there is no democracy within the parties i.e. the lack of Internal Democracy.
• All over the world, there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or a few leaders at the top.
• Political parties do not keep membership registers.
• Parties do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.
• Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
As a result, the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party. Since one or few leaders enjoy extreme power in the party, those who disagree with the leadership find it difficult to continue in the party. However, more than loyalty to the party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leaders becomes more important. For example, all the newly formed parties, including BSP and Jana Sangh, suffer from a lack of internal democracy.

It is true that presently political scene is dominated by many parties.
The politicians do manage these coalitions by giving proportional representation to all the emerging political parties and their members.
With the mushrooming of political parties, it has now become difficult in the Indian political scenario, for any particular party to garner majority of seats to form the government.
In such a case, several political parties with almost similar agenda come together to form a government and if voted to power, all such parties as a coalition form the government Generally, all the major decision making is done by the biggest party in the coalition, like that of BJP in the general elections of 2014.
If we take it in positive sense we see that this signifies:
A. The concept of popular participation.
B. Equal representation to all the sections of the society.
C. This system has strengthened federal system of democracy.
D. It is helpful to get equal share in the power.
E. Ministries are allotted keeping in mind all the members of the coalition.
Such a system may face problems if one of more than one political parties, opts out of the coalition leading to instability.
Though at times difficult to manage, such system allows a assortment of interests and opinions for political representation.

i. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.
ii. Art & poetry, stories and music helped in expressing and shaping nationalist feelings.
iii. Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
iv. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
v. The effort of romantic artists and poets was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
vi. The emphasis on vernacular language and the local folklore to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.
vii. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder popularized the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.
viii. To oppose French domination, Grimm brothers collected folktales as an effort to develop the German language and create a German national identity.
ix. Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
x. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. For example: The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.
xi. Any other relevant point.
Any Five points to be described.

Italian Unification faced the following obstacles in its way:
i. Quarrelsome Division: The division of Italy into many states and their mutual quarrels rendered Italy quite weak.
ii. Foreign Rules: Foreign countries like France and Austria established their control over a large part of Italy. Napoleon, the French emperor, had conquered the whole of Italy.
Thus, the foreign rule was a big hurdle in the way of the Italian Unification.
iii. Congress of Vienna: After the downfall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna once again divided Italy into small states and thus played a great havoc with the task of Italian unification.
iv. The Pope of Rome: The Pope of Rome was keeping Rome and its adjoining territories under his dominance. This way he was also proving a great hurdle in the way of the Italian unification.
v. Reactionary Rulers: Reactionary rulers in most of the Italian states were also proving a great hurdle in the way of Italian Unification.

Atomic energy is generated by splitting nuclear substances such as the atoms of uranium, thorium, Cheralite, Zirconium under controlled conditions. Splitting of these atoms gives out a lot of energy which can be used for a variety of purposes such as generating electricity. This energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in India due to the following reasons:
i. India has limited reserves of coal and petroleum. Nuclear energy minerals like Thorium is found in plenty in India.
ii. Hence, nuclear energy can compensate for the deficiency of fossil fuels.
iii. Nuclear power stations can be established easily and conveniently in those areas where other sources are not available.
iv. Nuclear power releases tremendous amounts of energy. India can utilize this energy for peaceful purposes such as the generation of electricity that can be used to run machines in industries.
v. It is a non-conventional source of energy. After the initial expenses, it becomes very economical.

Bauxite is a clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminium is obtained. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleable ability.
Formation: Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.
Distribution:
i. Bauxite is found in the Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal Hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
ii. Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state in India.
iii. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the
state.
iv. 45 per cent of the country's total production in 2000-01 was in Odisha.