Social Studies CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4 Mark)

Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The income of countries is considered to be one of the most important attributes for making comparisons between countries. Intuitively, the income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us the total income of the country. However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of US dollar 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US dollar 955 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the category of low-middle-income countries. The rich countries, excluding countries of the Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.
I. What is the other name of average income? (1)
II. In which category is India classified based on its average income? Explain. (1)
III. Is the average income an important criterion for development? Why? (2)

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Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multipurpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio- economically and environmentally. In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the 'guls' or 'kuls' of the Western Himalayas for agriculture. 'Rooftop rainwater harvesting' was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the 'khadins' in Jaisalmer and 'Johads' in other parts of Rajasthan.
i. What kind of agricultural structures were constructed for water harvesting in the hilly areas? (1)
ii. In different regions of India, name any two methods of rainwater harvesting with its purpose. (1)
iii. What types of water storage structures are found in arid and semi-arid regions? What is its purpose? (2)

Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Many nationalists thought that the struggle against the British could not be won through non-violence. In 1928, the HSRA was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi. Amongst its leaders were Bhagat Singh, Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh. In a series of dramatic actions in different parts of India, the HSRA targeted some of the symbols of British power. In April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly. Bhagat Singh was 23 when he was tried and executed by the colonial government. During his trial, Bhagat Singh stated that he did not wish to glorify 'the cult of the bomb and pistol' but wanted a revolution in society.
i. What did HSRA stand for? (1)
ii. What was the philosophy behind the founding HSRA? (1)
iii. Bhagat Singh and his fellows attempted to blow up a train in 1929. Who was travelling on that train? (2)