Social Studies VSQ (2 Marks)

• Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central
authority and various constituent units of the country.
• Usually, a federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state.
• Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of the other.
• For example, in the USA and India, there are specific jurisdictions specified by the constitution to each level of government.

Plantation is a type of commercial farming. In This kind of farming a single crop is grown on a large area. This kind of farming is a legacy of colonialism, adapted to local conditions. Following are its characteristics:
i. Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Large land areas are needed for this type of agriculture.
ii. Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience tropical climate with high annual temperatures and receive high annual rainfall
iii. Plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
iv. Cultivation of cash for export purpose.
v. All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
vi. Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana are important plantation crops.

The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe. During the first half of the nineteenth century there was an immense increase in population all over the Europe. Due to which the supply of workers increased and the demand was very less. Problem of unemployment was faced by Europeans. Small producers and manufacturers of towns faced a stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made products. In those regions
of Europe where aristocracy still enjoyed powers, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

The nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the eighteenth and nineteenth century in the following ways:
i. They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpinski, kept up the national struggle by staging his polish operas and music.
ii. The Polish people used dances like polonaise and mazurka making them into nationalist symbols.
iii. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. In 1831, there was a Polish armed rebellion against Russian rule but the rebellion was crushed.

Sinhala could have been recognised as the official language because the Sinhalese were the dominant community