Social Studies SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(3 Mark)

It is true that for development, people look at a mix of goals, e.g.:

1. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. So dignity is an important goal.
2. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and greater acceptance of women working outside.
3. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. These are goals other than income. Hence development goal is not only for better income but for other important things in life.

1. The people who have dumped the toxic waste are the benefitted and the people who haven’t are not benefitted and they belonged to Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa, where people were not aware of hygiene issues and they kept committing mistakes daily and now they are suffering.

2. The development goals for the citizens of this country are to increase or raise their awareness towards the Pollution due to which they are getting suffered, like they don’t know about sanitation and they keep dumping tonnes of liquid toxic waste in open-air in a city that causes nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhea etc.

In the following cases, an average can be used for comparing the situations:

1. To compare the performance of cricket players.
2. We find out average daily income to compare income and living status of a casual labour.
3. Average is used for comparing performance of students in an examination.

Income can enable people to at least make provision for basic necessities of life. If the average income of a country is on a higher side, its chances of faring better on development index are better. Hence, average income can be an important criterion for development.

World bank only uses per capita income for measuring development while UNDP uses many other factors like infant mortality, healthcare facility education level which help in improving the quality of life and helps in making the citizens more productive. As per HDI-2014, India's rank is 135. On the other hand, the World Bank uses per capita income as the only criterion for measuring development and classifying the countries as rich and poor.

Development is such a situation that can fulfil the aspirations or desires of people. It is the progress or improvement in the lifestyles of the people. Two aspects of development are:

1. Different persons can have different developmental goals.
2. What may be development for one, may not be development for the other.

The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which r used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq for the UNDP. Published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people and their health status and per capita.
The HDI was calculated in 2010 using the following indicators: Health- Life expectancy at birth. Education- expected years Scholling for schools- age children and average years of Scholling in the adult population. Income measured by Gross National Income(GNI) per capita (PPP).

Sri Lanka has the more better performance regarding the human development than India. Sri Lanka is the island of the nation of south India in the Indian ocean. It has the landscapes from the rain forests and the plains from the high lands and the beaches.

The level of income is important yet it is an inadequate measure of the level of development because only material can be bought with money but non-materialistic development does not depend on money.
These may include things like freedom, equality, security, health, access to facilities and education.
These needs can be fulfilled with the help of money or income.
So, it is important for development.

The principles used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the World Bank in the sense that it (UNDP) uses a combination of factors such as educational level of the people, their health status and per capita income as indicators of development. It does not rely solely on per capita income, as is the case with the World Bank.

At times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this.
Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people, who are displaced, such as the tribals.

Three development goals for rural labourers:

1. More days of work and better wages.
2. Local schools to provide quality education for their children.
3. There will be no social discrimination.

1. Village B is better nourished than village C. This implies better distribution of food and income among the people of village B.
2. On comparing village A with all villages we find that village A is much more undernourished. This indicates lack of proper employment facilities and also the distribution of the food.