History Question(1 Marks)

Women were very supportive. They co-operated their husbands in every bit of business. In families of merchants and bankers , wives looked after the business when the male members were away on work.

1. It made people aware of new literature.
2. It played an important role in awakening of people.
3. It provided intellectual knowledge.

In business families, the women used to co-operate with their husbands. They looked after the business because their husbands were away from work.

Balthasar Castiglione was an author and diplomat. She wrote a book named, “The Courtier in which she defined the potentials of men and women and suggested women to bear certain delicate tenderness with an air of feminine sweetness in all their gestures and actions whatever they do.

Two features of humanist thought were:

1. To encourage dignity of humans beings.
2. Freedom of human life from control of religion.

According to German reformers, salvation can be attained only when all kinds of social oppression is ended. They opined that God has created all people equal and they were not supposed to pay taxes and had the right to choose their priests.

The Christians believed that the earth was at the centre of universe around which moved the celestial planets. It was a sinful place. The earth became immobile because of the burden of sin.

Martin Luther was one of the greatest exponents of the reformation of Catholic Church. He vehemently opposed the excesses of the church.

Before the start of printing, the students had to read a few hand written copies or texts of manuscript. It was very difficult to make available every student a copy of that text.

Andreas Vaselius (1514-64) was a professor of medicine in Padua University. He dissected the human body. It led to the beginning of modern physiology.

Michelangelo was a great artist of Renaissance. “The Fall of the Man” and “The Last Judgement” are considered to be the masterpieces of art throughout the world. His paintings gave deep interpretation to human life and humanity.

Anatomy, physics, geometry and a sense of beautification gave a new form to Italian art. Later on, it came to be known as realism.

Ibn Rushd was the philosopher of Spain. He made an attempt to resolve the differences between philosophical knowledge and religious beliefs.

During the period, the Roman history was read and the remains were dug up by archaeologists. It inspired a new style of architecture that was revival of the imperial Roman style. It was called classical architecture.

Ptolemy's Almagest was a work on astronomy. It was written in Greek before 140CE. Later it was translated into Arabic.

The Christian society believed that the earth was at the centre of universe. But Copernicus rebutted this belief and told that the earth including all the other heavenly bodies rotate round the sun.

1. Dante.
2. Erasmus.
3. Petrarch.
4. Thomas Moore.

The church issued Document of Indulgences'. The church opined that these documents could free man from the burden of the sins that he had committed. By selling these documents, the church was earning money.

Following reasons were responsible for the emergence of Renaissance:

1. Emergence of middle class.
2. Growth of printing press and literature.
3. Fall of feudalism.

Martin Luther was the leader of the Protestant Reformation Movement.Its chief gospels were the following:

1. A person is not required to be priest in order to establish contact with God.
2. It is faith that guides people to the right path and entry into Heaven that is salvation.

Thomas Moore was a great writer of England. 'Utopia' was his literary masterpiece.

The meaning of Renaissance is rebirth. It is a French word. It gave a new dimension to art and culture and created awareness among the people. It started from Italy.

The term 'Renaissance Man' stood for the person who had interest in various fields, skills and innovations. Many individuals of the Renaissance period had deep interests in art and culture.

Johannes Kepler propounded this theory. Kepler in his Cosmographical Mystery demonstrated that the planets move around the sun not in circle but in ellipses.

Following factors took the cities and the courts of Italy beyond the world:

1. Trade and travel.
2. Military conquests.
3. Diplomatic contacts.

The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy.

It was said by Machiavelli. He was of the opinion that human desires are insatiable and he was motivated to face every fair and unfair means to meet them.

As per Castiglione, the following virtues were equally necessary for men and women:

1. To shun affection.
2. To be naturally graceful.
3. To be naturally well mannered.
4. To be clever and prudent.
5. To be neither proud, envious nor evil tongued.

Humanism laid stress on the importance of man and his sentiments rather than the religious views. The worldly problems of man should be solved first then men should think about God.