History Question(1 Marks)

The most reliable sources of Mongols are available in the following languages:

1. Mongolean.
2. Persian.
3. Chinese.
4. Arabic.

With the aim to re-organize the Mongol society and give it an altogether new shape, Genghis Khan laid down the legal code that is known as Yesa. Yesa was given final shape in 1226 C.E.

The affluent Mongol families used to have several followers because they possessed large number of animals and pasture lands and were more influential in local politics.

Genghis Khan's father's name was Yesugei, while his mother's name was Oelun-eke.

Yeh-lu-chu-tsai was a Chinese minister, who was taken under the captivity of Mongol in 1215. He contributed immensely in giving a new shape to Mongol empire.

The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Qubilai Khan in 1260.

The nomadic people inhabiting in the regions of present days of Mongolia in Central Asia were known as the Mongol. They were predominantly pastoralists and hunter gatherers. They dwelt in tents and were divided into several patriarchal dynasties. They were constantly at war with other tribes like tatars, Naimans and Khitans.
The main occupation of the nomadic tribe during the 12th century was pastoralism. They reared animals such as horse and sheep. In addition to these animals, they also reared goats and camels. They reared them for getting milk, meat, and wool. The geographical conditions prevailing here were not in favour of adapting agriculture. Consequently, their economy was not geared to feed the regions having higher population concentration.

Genghis Khan had four sons.They were:

1. Jochi.
2. Chaghatai.
3. Ogodei.
4. Toluy.

The two important decisions taken by Quriltai are given below:

1. The Quriltai took the decisions pertaining to succession.
2. It also took the decision regarding the further expansion of the empire.

Genghis Khan (Temujin) restored the old alliance with the Kereyrt ruler Tughril Khan.

Yam was a military post created by Genghis Khan. The horse riders carried messages from one place to another.

Trade was based on barter system, which was beneficial for both the parties.

Mongol army comprised of the people of various tribes. In it, Genghis Khan also included the people of several area as brought under him Kereyits and Veghuru were also the part of Mongol army.

The term 'Barbarian' is derived from a Greek word, 'Barbaros' which meant non-Greek. In Greek, they were depicted like children who were unable to speak or reason properly.

She infused confidence in Temujin by narrating the stories of glorious past of the Kiyat tribe.

The name of Genghis Khan's wife was Berte.

1. Army was organized on the basis of decimal system.
2. Soldiers were to obey strict rules and regulations.

Juwaini was the Persian chronicler of the Mongol rulers of Iran. He wrote an account about the capture of Bukhara in 1220 CE.

Two personalities who contributed a lot in the early life of Genghis Khan were: Boghuchu and Jomuqa.

Batu was the grandson of Genghis Khan. He was a great and courageous warrior. He devastated Russian lands upto Moscow, seized Poland and Hungary and camped outside Vienna.

The Mongol badly lacked resources for their livelihood. So trade was very significant for their survival.

The scarcity of resources forced the nomadic tribes (the Mongols) to depend on the other neighbouring countries for the essential goods for trade. Their trade was based on barter system, which was beneficial for both parties engaged in trade. They imported agricultural products and made implements from China and in line of these they used to export horses, fur and animals used for hunting. The nomadic people used to suffer less as compared to their opponents. The possible reason behind that was the nomadic people quickly disappeared from the place of their strife after carrying out loot and plunder. It meant several losses for trading partner, i.e. China. In order to safeguard their people from Mongol strifes, the ruler of China constructed the 'Great Wall of China'.

Mongols were a nomadic tribe of Central Asia. They lived in present day Mongolia. Basically the Mongols were cattle herders and hunter-gatherers.

Genghis Khan was the greatest Mongol who laid the foundation of Nomadic empire. His contribution was immense in unifying Monogls. It aws due to his efforts that a vast Mongol empire was established. He was born in the year 1162. He was born near the river Onon. His father's name was Yesugei, who was the chief of the tribe, Kiyat. His mother Oleun-eke belonged to Onggerat tribe. His original name was Temujin. He grew up as a brave man. He organized a powerful army which helped him to lay down the foundation of a vast empire. His main achievements were the conquest of Northern China, conquest of Qara Katie, etc.
During the period from 1219 to 1222 CE the Mongol forces occupied Bukhara, Samarqand, Balk, Marv, Nishapur and Herat. Genghis not only built vast empire but also contributed a lot in improving the civil administration of the empire.

1. Khan was the supreme authority and enjoyed unlimited Powers.
2. He was also vested with all the authority to formulate both internal and external policies.

The nomadic people used to wear cotton, silk and woollen clothes. Silk and cotton were imported from China. In order to protect themselves from cold, they used to wear expensive clothes. The clothing and head-gears were meant for women.

"The Secret History of the Mongols" is the most trustworthy account of the Mongols. It is written by Igor-de-Rachewiltz.

Paiza means passes. These passes were issued by the Mongol government for safe conduct with the travellers. These were of three types, i.e. gold, silver and iron. The travellers had to tie these passes on their forehead.

The Mongol did not undertake agricultural activities because:

1. Geographical conditions prevailing were unsuitable for growing crops or for agriculture.
2. Agriculture was limited for a fix period.

'Quriltai' is an assembly of Mongol chieftains.

Peking was ruled by Chin dynasty. It was conquered by Genghis Khan in 1215.

Guyuk was the son of Ogodei. He became the new Khan in 1246 and ruled till 1248. His tenure is known for the diplomatic relations established with Pope.

Temujin was renamed as Genghis Khan by Quriltai in 1206.

The two Russian scholars Boris Vladimirtsov Yakovlevich and Vasily Vladimisrovich Bartold did most valuable research work on the Mongols during the 18th and 19th century.

They used to perform the last rites of their dead bodies after the sun set and buried at a place previously selected by the person concerned.

The two arch-rival tribes defeated by Genghis Khan were:

1. The Khitans.
2. The Tatars.

1. Tengri was their chief deity and considered Him to be omnipotent.
2. They followed the policy of tolerance towards other religions.

Qubkur was a tax paid to the Mongol government in lieu of cattle and other animal herds by the nomadic Mongol.

Reasons behind the defeat of the Mongol at the hands of Egyptian soldiers were:

1. The Mongol took more interest in China.
2. The Mongol sent a comparatively smaller army to face Egyptian forces.

The founder of II-Khan id dynasty was Helegu in 1256 C.E.

Two important sources of the Mongols are:

1. The Secret History of the Mongols.
2. Travelogues accounts of Marco Polo.

Genghis Khan was the founder of Nomadic empire. He was born in 1162 CE. His childhood name was Temujin.

1. Genghis Khan passed away in 1227.
2. His two successors were:

1. Ogedei, who ruled from 1229-41.
2. Guyrik, who ruled from 1246-1248 C.E.

Nishapur was occupied by Genghis Khan in 1219. He carried out a terrible destruction because a Mongol Prince was killed during this expedition.

'Ulus' means a specifically defined area. It was given to the emperor's son to rule over his conquered area.

Genghis Khan was renamed as Temujin by his father Yesugei. When he was born, his father defeated the chief of Tatar tribe Temujin.

Macro-Polo, the Venice traveller visited China during the period 1275 to 1292. He stayed at the court of Qubilai Khan.

Genghis Khan established a vast empire, which was extended from Persia to Peking and from Siberia to Sindh. To such a vast empire the traveller required nearly two years to travel throughout Mongol empire.

During Genghis Khan's time, China was divided into three realms, each was ruled by different dynasties. These dynasties were Hsi, Chin and Sung.

Genghis Khan established a vast nomadic empire. His empire was extended from Persia to Peking and from Siberia to Sindh. He made Karakoram, the capital of his empire.