Psychology 2 Marks Question

1. By changing adolescents' in their peer group.
2. Becoming more aware of their social responsibilities.
3. Developing feelings of self-worth.
4. Imitating positive behaviour of the role models.
5. Breaking negative attitudes.
6. Overcoming poor self-concept help in reduction of delinquent behaviour.

The human development is an interplay of biological, cognitive and socio-emotiona processes.

1. Development due to genes inherited from parents. Such as height and weight, brain, heart and lungs development, etc. point towards the role of "biological processes”.
2. The role of Cognitive processes in development relate to mental activities associated with the process of knowing and experiencing, such as thought, perception, attention, problem solving etc.
3. Socio-emotional processes that influence development refer to changes in an individual'sinteractions with other people, changes in emotions and in personality.

1. The hormones released during puberty result in the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
2. The primary sex characteristics include those directly related to reproduction and the secondary sex characteristics include feature or signs of achieving sexual maturity.
3. Pubertal changes in boys are marked by acceleration in growth, facial hair, ana change in voice. In girls, rapid growth in height usually begins about two years before menarche, the onset of menstruation.
4. The growth spurt generally begins at the age of 12 or 13 for boys and at the age of 10 or 11 for girls.

1. During adolescence, a detachment process enables the individual to develop a personal set of beliefs that are uniquely her or his own.
2. In the process of achieving an identity the adolescent could experience conflict with parents and within herself or himself. Those adolescents who can cope with the conflicting identities develop a new sense of self. Adolescents who are not able to cope with this identity crisis are confused. This "identity confusion", according to Erikson, can lead to individual isolating themselves from peers and family; or they may lose their identity in the crowd.

1. Around puberty adolescents show an increase in interest in members of the opposite sex and in sexual matters and a new awareness of sexual feelings develops.
2. This increased attention to sexuality is caused by factors such as individual's awareness of the biological changes taking place and the emphasis placed on sexuality by peers, parents and society.
3. Even then, many adolescents lack adequate knowledge or have misconceptions about sex and sexuality.
4. The development of a sexual identity defines the sexual orientation and guides sexual behaviour.
5. Adolescents are preoccupied with what they are like and develop individual images of what they look like.

According to Erik Erikson (1968), the first year of life is the key time for the development of attachment.It represents the stage of developing trust or mistrust:

1. A sense of trust is built on a feeling of physical comfort which builds an expectation of the world as a secure and good place.
2. An infant's sense of trust is developed by responsive and sensitive parenting.
3. Security attached infants respond positively when picked up, move freely and play whereas insecurely attached infants feel anxious when separated and cry due to fear and get upset.
4. A close interactive relationship with warm and affectionate adults is a child's first step towards healthy development.

Adolescent, years are especially vulnerable to smoking, alcohol and drug abuse:

1. Some adolescents take recourse to smoking and drugs as a way of coping with stress.
2. This can interfere with the development of coping skills and responsible-decision making.
3. It has been found that adolescents who are more vulnerable to drugs, alcohol and nicotine use are impulsive, aggressive, anxious, depressive, and unpredictable, have low self-esteem and low expectation for achievement.
4. Drug use if continued long enough can lead to physiological dependency i.e. addiction to drug, alcohol or nicotine may seriously jeopardize the rest of the adolescents lives.
5. The reasons would be peer pressure and the adolescents need to be accepted by the group, or desire to act more like adults, or feel a need to escape the pressure of school work or social activities.