Psychology 2 Marks Question

Learning style is one of the facilitators of learning.These are mainly developed from three approaches which are given below:

1. Perceptual Modality:

• Perceptual modality are biologically based reactions to the physical environment.
• It refers to the preferences of persons through which they take in information such as auditory, visual, smell, kinesthetic and tactile.

2. Information Processing:

• Information Processing distinguishes between the way we are structured to think, solve problems and remember information.
• This may be thought of as the way we process information e.g.: active/ reflective, sensing, intuitive, sequential, global, serial/simultaneous etc.

3. Personality Patterns: Personality patterns are the way we interact with our surroundings. This approach focuses on understanding how personality affects the way people interact with the environment, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment.

Positive Transfer:

• In Positive transfer of training the earlier learning facilitates the current learning.

e.g. Knowledge of physics facilitates the training in electronics; knowledge of language facilitates the study of literature.

• Positive transfer of training occurs due to similarity of content similar technique and similar principles.

Negative Transfer:

• It is considered as negative transfer if new learning is retarded or made more tedious than the prior learning. It is also known as habit interferences.

e.g.- when one learns to write by the left hand after having a long practice with the right hand the writing by the left hand is inhibited and delayed compared to a person who has learnt to write by the left hand from the very beginning.
Zero Transfer: It is also known as Neutral transfer. When the acquisition of skill in one task neither facilitates nor inhibits learning in a subsequent tasks, it is caused zero transfer or no transfer.

General Transfer:

• This learning predisposes one to learn another task in a better manner.
• The learning of one task warms up the learner to learn the next-task more conveniently.
• Warm-up is like limbering up the index finger and focusing the eyes on some green object before pressing the trigger to hit the target or the cricketer walks by jumping on one foot then on the other.
• After some time, warm-up effect disappears.
• While learning a task a person not only learns the task but also develops a mental set for learning other tasks.

Specific Transfer:

1. Whenever an organism learns something, it consists of a series of stimulus response associations.
2. Specific transfer means the effect of learning task A on the learning of task B. The learning of A may make the learning of task B easier or more difficult or have no such effect.
3. Such transfer depend on similarity-dissimilarity between the initial learning task and the second task.

Concept is a general category of ideas, objects, people, or experiences whose members share certain properties.Artificial concept:

1. Artificial concepts are those that are well defined and rules connecting the features are precise and rigid.
2. These concepts are used in science and technologies.
3. It is defined as 'set of features' connected by some rules which are called relevant features. There may be some rule of which the conjunctive rule is often made.
4. These concepts have features connected by a conjunctive rule e.g. a square, a triangle etc.

Natural Concepts:

1. Natural concepts or categories are usually ill-defined.
2. Numerous features are found in the instances of a natural category.e.g. Biological objects or real world products and human artifacts such as tools, clothes and houses.
3. Natural categories are considered to be instances of one category under one condition and instance of another category under other conditions. e.g.: jackfruit is a vegetable as well as a fruit.

Natural categories have family resemblance also: e.g. All birds have wings, lay eggs, and perch on branches of trees or tops of tall structures.