Question 12 Marks
In each of the following question, a few statements, followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and IV are given. You have to consider every given statement as true, even if it dose not confirm to the well known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the conclusions can be logically derived.
(a) Statements :
(i) Some toys are pens.
(ii) Some pens are papers.
(iii) Some papers are black.
Conclusions:
I. Some toys are black.
II. No pen is black.
III. No toy is black.
IV. Some pens are black.
(b) Statements :
(i) Some books are copies.
(ii) All copies are green.
(iii) Some green are yellow.
Conclusions:
I. All copies are yellow.
II. Some yellow are green.
III. Some copies are yellow.
IV. All green are copies.
(a) Statements :
(i) Some toys are pens.
(ii) Some pens are papers.
(iii) Some papers are black.
Conclusions:
I. Some toys are black.
II. No pen is black.
III. No toy is black.
IV. Some pens are black.
(b) Statements :
(i) Some books are copies.
(ii) All copies are green.
(iii) Some green are yellow.
Conclusions:
I. All copies are yellow.
II. Some yellow are green.
III. Some copies are yellow.
IV. All green are copies.
Answer
View full question & answer→(i) All the conclusions given are mediate inferences. Since, middle term is not distributed in any one pair of the above statements. But conclusion II and IV form a complementary pair from statements 2 and 3 and conclusion I and II form a complementary pair from statements (i), (ii) and (iii). Hence, either I or III and either II or IV follow.
(ii) Conclusions I and II are mediate inferences drawn from statements (ii) and (iii). Since, middle term 'green' is not distributed, hence both conclusions do not follow from statements. Conclusion II is immediate inference drawn from statement (iii). Also, conclusions III and IV do not follow. Hence, only conclusion II follows.
(ii) Conclusions I and II are mediate inferences drawn from statements (ii) and (iii). Since, middle term 'green' is not distributed, hence both conclusions do not follow from statements. Conclusion II is immediate inference drawn from statement (iii). Also, conclusions III and IV do not follow. Hence, only conclusion II follows.