Physical Education 5 Marks Question

What are the various types of friction? With the help of suitable example explain why friction is necessary in sports
A. Friction is a force which oppose efforts to slide or roll one body over another. Without friction it would be impossible to walk or run but on the other hand it increases the difficulty of moving.
The amount of friction between one surface and another depends upon the nature of the surface and forces pressing them together generally speaking smooth surface have less friction than rough.
Types of Friction:-
-Static Friction: is the opposing force which acts between two surface in which one tends to move over the other
-Dynamic Friction:- which acts between two surfaces in which one is actually moving over the other it may be two types.
-Sliding
-Rolling
Friction is both helpful in sports: Friction is Necessary: Nothing would be able to move without friction. Friction is how things accelerate. Without friction we would not be able to walk we would just be slipping. Without friction we cannot give better performance in sports. Examples: athletes use spikes and footballers use studs to have appropriate friction while they run fast. A Gymnast uses lime powder on his/her palms to perform many activities like horizontal bar uneven bar Roman Rings. In Badminton players are usually seen to rub their sole of shoes with lime before going to the wooden court. It is done to provide better grip on the floor so that one can move safely

Strength is the ability of muscles to overcome the resistance. Strength is necessary for the performance of physical activities, whether it is a physical activity associated with daily living.
Barrow and McGee have defined "Strength as, 'The Capacity of the whole body or any of it's ports to exert force.

Isometric Exercises	Isotonic Exercises	Isokinetic Exercises
(i) Movements of exercising body parts or object are not visible to third person.	(i) Movements of exercising body parts are visible to third person.	(1) This involves movement but maintains a constant speed.
ii) Length of exercising muscles doesn't change.	(ii) Length of exercising muscles change.	(ii) Isokinetic generally involves muscle contraction against an electronic resistance and is specific to a particular sport.
(iii) Less muscular endurance is developed.	(iii) More muscular endurance is develo-ped.	(iii) It develops explosive strength as well as strength endurance.
(v) These exercises can be performed at any place.	(v) These require specific place.	(iv) Iso-same, kinetic-speed. Isokinetic exercises are done with machine that regulates movement, velocity and resistance.
(V) These develop strength at one place.	(v) These develop uniform strength.	(V) Excellent development of power.
(vi) Isometric exercises develop strength and less flexibility.	(vi) Isotonic exercises develop strength along with flexibility.	(vi) Better development of speed as compared to Isotonic.
(vii) Isometric exercises create boredom.	(vii) Isotonic exercises are interesting because they are self testing.	(vii) Examples are (a) Running on Treadmill with prefixed speed of steps. (b) Bicycling with a set of fixed number of revolutions per minute etc.
(viii) Recovery from muscular fatigue is slow.	(viii) Recovery from muscular fatigue is faster.
(ix) e.g. Exercise by pushing a wall.	(ix) e.g. Exercise with light weights.

A. Even in old age, everybody wants to be able to continue to do what he wants, without pain, for as long as possible. It requires proper fitness during such age. In the beginning, there were not enough tests to assess the functional fitness. Recognizing the need for a tool to evaluate the functional fitness performance of older adults. Dr. Roberta Rikli and Dr. Jessie Jones developed the senior fitness test at Fullerton University. This test is also known as Fullerton Functional Test of senior citizens. The test is based on a functional fitness framework, which points out that being able to perform everyday activities.
1. Chair stand test for lower body 1. Lower body strength, leg strength & strength
Endurance
2. Arm curl test for upper body 2. The upper body strength, arm flexor, strength,
strength & endurance
3. Chair sit & reach test for lower 3. The lower back flexibility body flexibility
4. Backscratch test for upper body 4. The upper body flexibility of the body flexibility
& range of motion of the shoulders.
5. Eight foot up & Go test for agility 5. The motor agility, speed & balance
6. Six minute walk test for 6. Cardiovascular endurance & recovery
Chair Stand Test for Lower Body Strength
Purpose: The purpose of the Chair-Stand is to measure the strength of lower body of adults over 60 years of age. Lower body strength is important for activities such as getting out of a chair, on the bus, out of the car, and rising up from a kneeling position in the house or garden. The strength of your lower body can directly affect the ease with which you perform the activities you do every day.
Equipment required: A straight back or folding chair without arm rests (seat 17 inches/44 cm high), stopwatch.
Procedure:
1) Place the chair against a wall where it will be stable.
2) Sit in the middle of the chair with your feet flat on the floor, shoulder width apart, back straight.
3) Cross your arms at the wrist and place them close to the chest.
4) On the command 'go' you will rise up to a full stand and sit again as many times as you can during the 30 second interval.
5) Count the total number of complete chair stands (up and down equals one stand). If the subject has completed a full stand from the sitting position when the time is elapsed, the final stand is counted in the total.
Scoring: The score is the number of completed chair stands in 30 seconds. Below is a table showing the recommended ranges for this test based on age groups.
Arm Curl (Bicep) Test for Upper Body Strength
Purpose: This test measures upper body strength and endurance.
Equipment required: 5-pound weight (women), 8-pound weight (for men). A chair without arm rests, stopwatch.
Procedure:
1) The subject sits on the chair holding the weight in the hand using a suitcase grip (palm facing towards the body).
2) This test is conducted on the dominant arm side (or stronger side).
3) On the command 'go' do as many curls as you can in the allotted 30 second time period.
4) Do not swing the weight.
5) If you have started raising the weight again and are over halfway up when time is called, you may count that curl.
Scoring: The score is the total number of controlled arm curls performed in 30 seconds. Below is a table showing some recommended ranges for this test based on age groups.

List down any four asanas used for prevention of Hypertension. Explain the procedure, benefits and contraindicate of any one of them with help of a stick diagram.
A. Blood pressure is the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries.
The four asana used for the prevention of hypertension are as follows:-
- Tadasana,
- Katichakransan,
-Uttanpadasana,
-Ardha Halasana
Procedure benefit and contraindication of Tadasana:
Tadasana
The word Tada in Sanskrit means 'palm tree'. This asana is called tadasana because in this asana the person stands straight like a aim tree stretching his whole body upwards.
Procedure:
To perform Tadasana the following steps should be performed:
1. Stand erect, feet together, hands by the side of the thighs. Keep the back straight and look in front.
2. Stretch the arms upward; keep them straight and parallel to each other in vertical position, with the palms facing each other.
3. Slowly, raise the heels as much as you can and stand on toes. Stretch body up as much as possible.
4. Maintain the position for 5-10 seconds comfortably.
5. To come back, bring the heels on the floor first. Slowly bring down the hands by side of the thighs and relax.
Benefits:
1. It gives stretch to whole body muscles.
2. It helps in strengthening thighs, knees and ankles.
3. By doing this asana regularly, children can increase their height.
4. It helps to remove laziness and lethargy.
Precautions
1. The inner upper arms should touch the respective ears.
2. Stretch the arms and fingers in full capacity.
3. Keep the head, neck and the body in one straight line.
4. Avoid bending forward or backward.
Contraindications
1. Those having complaints of vertigo should avoid practicing this asana.