Physical Education 5 Marks Question

Psychological Attributes in Sports: Psychological attributes are multi-dimensional and depend upon the assessment. In assessment, some major psychological attributes have to assess like cognitive, social, and emotional. In Psychological assessment, systematic testing procedures should be used to evaluate the abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities of individuals.
There are some psychological attributes are explained as follows:
i. Self-esteem: Self-esteem can be defined as how much you appreciate and like yourself regardless of the conditions. If a person has healthy self-esteem it can influence motivation, mental well-being, and overall quality of life. If self-esteem is balanced it is considered good rather than too high or too low.
ii. Mental Imagery: Mental imagery refers to the athlete who imagines themselves in an atmosphere and performs a particular activity like sight, hearing, feeling, and smell before, during and after competition. The images should have the athlete performing successfully and feeling performance. Imagery is also known as visualization rehearsal. It means all of your senses should be practiced or rehearses according to your sports in your mind.
ii. Self-Talk: Self-talk consider as our inner thoughts, consisting of theories we say to ourselves, either in our mind or out loud. Most of us use self-talk in our lives like just before interview or in cricket batsman waiting for their chance to bat and after match self- analysis. This kind of practice of self-talk helps us to regulate our thoughts and emotions. It can help Lo reduce stress and anxiety in certain situations. Athletes and team also engage in self-talk during training and in playing situations, saying thoughts like, "Keep it up" and "stay confident", "We can do it' We are a team". There are three broad categories of self-talk - Self-expression, Interpretive, Self-regulatory
iv. Goal Setting: Generally a Goal is defined as objective or target that someone is trying to reach or achieve. A goal should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time based. Goal setting is one of the most effective tools when it comes to providing athletes with a psychological progress. Essentially goal setting is a technique of mental training that can be used to increase an individual's commitment towards achieving a personal goal and this can be divided into short, medium and long term goals.

Endurance is the result of a physiologic capacity of an individual to sustain movement over a period of time. The Fartlek training method is used to develop endurance. In this method, pace or speed is not pre-planned so it is left up to the individual. He can change his speed according to the surroundings (like hills, rivers, forests, etc.). The heart rate
ranges between 140 to 180 per minute. The duration of the training depends on the experience of the athlete. It can vary from aerobic walking to anaerobic activities.
Examples of this training are:
i. Warm Up: Jogging or slow running for 5 to 10 minutes.
ii. Steady: Hard speed for 1.5 to 2.5 km.
iii. Start of the speed of work: Easy running between sprints of about 50 to 60 metres repeated until a little tired.
iv. Easy running: With three or four 'quick stops' now and then.
v. Full speed: Uphill for 175 to 200 metres.
vi. Fast pace: For 1 minute.

The Paralympic Games are a major international sports event involving athletes with various disabilities such as mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness and cerebal palsy. The originator of the Paralympic games is Sir Ludwig Guttmann. He started Paralympic movement that finally developed into Paralympic Games.
The Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee who holds the responsibility of organising the games at an interval of four years. It organises both summer and winter olympics.
The first Paralympic Games were held in Rome in 1960. However, the Paralympic' word was officially used in 1988 Summer Olympics, which were held in Seoul.
The motto of Paralympic Games is 'Spirit in Motion' which was introduced in 2004 at t at the Paralympic games Athens. Its earlier motto was 'Mind, Body and Spirit which was introduced in 1994.
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The paralympic games are truly inspirational as the athletes in these games display great determination and courage to overcome mental and physical obstacles.

The asanas practiced for preventing asthma are:
Tadasana, Vakarsana, Gomukhasana, Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana, Ushtrasana, Matsyasana, Kapalbhati etc.
Gomukhasana: Go means 'Cow' and mukh means 'face'. In this asana, the position of legs look like the face of a cow, hence, it is called Gomukhasana.
Procedure:
i. Bend the right leg at the knee, bring the right foot to the left side and place it close to the left buttock
ii. Fold the left leg at the knee. Bring the left foot to the right side and place it close to the right buttock.
iii. Take the left arm over the left shoulder and right behind the back. Clasp the fingers of both hands at the back.
iv. Sit in the position for 10-15 seconds.
Benefits:
i. It increases concentration and induces inner peace.
ii. It is beneficial for improving lung capacity.
iii. It is useful in arthritis.
iv. It relieves backache.
Contraindications: Those who are suffering from bleeding piles should not practice this asana.
Matsyasana: Matsya means 'fish'. In this asana, body takes the posture of a floating fish.
Procedure:
i. Sit in Padmasana in a comfortable position.
ii. Bend backward, supporting the body with arms and elbow. Lift the chest, take the head back and lower the crown of the head on the ground
iii. Place middle part of the head on the ground. Hold the big toes. Elbow should touch the ground.
Benefits:
i. This posture has therapeutic value for mild backache and fatigue.
ii. This is useful in throat problems like tonsillitis.
iii. Good massager for the spine.
Contraindications: Avoid practicing the asana in case of peptic ulcer, heart disease, hernia and back problems.