Physical Education 5 Marks Question

Psychology: The word Psychology is originated from Greek. Psyche mean soul and logus means to study science. Earlier, psychology is part of philosophy. John B Watson and his colleagues define psychology as the study of behavior but earlier it was considered the study of mind, consciousness, and soul.
Sports Psychology: Sport psychology is the branch of psychology that deals with the behavior of sportspersons.
Goal Setting: According to Pablo Picasso, "Our goals can only be reached through a vehicle of a plan, in which we must fervently believe, and upon which we must vigorously act. There is no other route to success."
In the whole process of goal setting, a player can divide these goals into three categories:
i. Outcome goals: Related to specific results in competition.
ii. Performance goals: Helping an athlete make improvements over a period of time.
iii. Process goals: Refers to a process in which a competitor concentrates on carrying out a specific skill.
Importance of Goal Setting in Sports:
i. It can help them focus on what is important and essential in sports performance.
ii. Correct goal directs them and give a sense of control and positive self-direction.
iii. Goal setting can improve overall sports performance.
iv. It influence motivation when the goal setting based on time.
v . It helps athletes to reach their potential.
Mental Imagery: Mental imagery refers to the athletes who imagine themselves in an atmosphere and performs a particular activity like sight, hearing, feeling, and smell before, during and after competition. The images should have the athlete performing successfully and feeling performance. Imagery is also known as visualisation rehearsal. It means all of your senses should be practiced or rehearses according to your sports in your mind.
Need and Importance of Mental imagery:
- Mental imagery helps you get your best outcome from training.
- To keep in top form when training is difficult to conduct.
- Helpful in adaptation and acclimatisation in different playing conditions.
- Recalling images related to past successful performance or upcoming goals give motivation.
- Help in reducing negative thoughts before or during competitions.

Flexibility is the quality of the muscles, ligaments and tendons that enables the joints of the body to move easily through a complete range of movement. Flexibility can be divided into two types, which are as follows
- Passive Flexibility It is the ability to perform movement with greater range using external help, i.e., with the help of an equipment or a partner. For example, using exercise cycle to improve flexibility of lower body.
- Active Flexibility It is the ability to perform movement with greater range without using external help, i.e. with the help of muscular force. For example, performance of stretching, push-ups, running and other exercises that stretch the muscles of the body.
The methods of flexibility development are as follows
i. Dynamic Stretching It refers to stretching that involves putting muscular effort along with movement at the same time. Walking lunges, kicking action, moving the arm in circular motion are examples of dynamic stretching.
ii. Static Active Stretching Here the muscles are stretched without moving the limbs and the limbs are held to the end position for 30 seconds. Standing on one leg and holding the other leg directly in front for 20-30 seconds is static active stretching.
iii. Static Passive Stretching This also refers to stretching of muscles without moving the limbs. However, an external force is applied to hold the stretch in position. The external force can be some other part of your body like hands to hold the stretch, an assistance or an equipment.
iv. Ballistic Stretching It uses the momentum of a moving body or a limb in an attempt to force it beyond its normal range of motion.
This is a stretching or warming up, by bouncing into a stretched position, using the stretched muscles as a spring which pulls you out of the stretch position. This type of stretching can lead to injury, if body is not warmed up. It should proceed from slow swinging exercises in beginning followed by fast swinging exercises.

1. Address residents formally to show respect. Use "Mr.," "Mrs.," "Ms.," etc., unless you are on more familiar terms with the individual or the resident has expressed a
preference for how he or she would like to be addressed.
2. Be aware that older adults might have difficulty hearing. To address hearing impairments, speak in a clear voice and do not rush what you're saying. Avoid shouting, as it may distort your language and make you more difficult to understand. Face the individual and make eye contact while speaking so he or she can see your mouth movements and watch for visual cues.
3. Avoid distractions and background noise as much as possible. Interruptions and competing noises (such as music, voices, computers, fans, etc.) can hinder effective communication and comprehension.
4. Be aware that older adults might have difficulty seeing. To address vision impairments, make sure the resident's living space and common spaces have adequate lighting. Encourage the resident to use his or her eyeglasses, if applicable. If the resident has a severe vision impairment, consider alternative ways to provide information, such as through audio recording.
5. Don't interrupt or rush residents during communication. Doing so might imply lack of respect for the individual or general disinterest in what the resident is trying to communicate.
6. Avoid language that implies ageist stereotypes or might be viewed as disrespectful or patronizing. Even though these statements might be unintentional, they can negatively affect your ability to communicate well with residents. Carefully consider your wording and whether it is appropriate for the individual and the situation.
7. Acknowledge residents' emotions and respond with empathy and understanding. Older adults face many challenges associated with aging, and they may experience a range of emotions, such as fear, anger, uncertainty, anxiety, apathy, and more. Acknowledging these emotions and showing compassion, empathy, and understanding can facilitate communication and adherence to care plans.
8. Avoid medical jargon and technical language. Limited health literacy is a problem in all age groups, including older adults. Research shows that more than 66 percent of American adults aged 60 or older have marginal or inadequate literacy skills. Using plain language, clear descriptions of medical terms and visual aids can help overcome health literacy barriers. Additionally, writing down key points and having residents explain their understanding of important information in their own words can improve comprehension.
9. Consider residents' cultural beliefs and values when communicating. Although it is impossible to understand the fine details and nuances of every culture, developing a general understanding of residents' beliefs and norms can assist with effective
communication. Ask residents open-ended questions, actively listen, and gauge their preferences.
10. Ask politely instead of telling or assuming. Loss of autonomy and independence is very difficult for many older adults, particularly those who have moved from their homes into senior care facilities. Even slight variations in language that imply choice rather than an order can help older adults maintain a sense of control over their daily lives and activities. Further, by asking instead of telling, providers and staff can prevent the perception that they are condescending or patronizing to residents.

Obesity is that condition of the body in which the amount of fat increases to extreme levels.
Benefits of Pada Hastasana:
a. It makes the body very flexible.
b. It stretches the leg and back muscles.
c. It helps to eliminate excess belly fat.
d. It makes the spine flexible and tones the nerves.
e. It improves blood circulation.
f. It improves digestion and removes constipation.
Contraindications Pada Hastasana: The individuals who have back pain should avoid this asana. At least, they should not bend forward fully. They can bend themselves only as far as comfortable.
Benefits of Vajrasana:
a. It is helpful for concentration.
b. It is helpful in curing dysentery, back pain and chest diseases.
c. It enhances memory.
d. It cures problems related to menstruation.
e. It cures mental stress.
f. It strengthens the pelvic muscles.
g . It removes postural defects.
h. It prevents hernia and give relief from piles.
Contraindication of Vajrasana:
a. A person suffering from joint pain should not perform vajrasana.
b. The individuals who have any spinal column problem should not perform vajrasana.
c. The individuals who have some difficulty in movement should practice vajrasana with a lot of care.