History SQ (3 Marks)

Lottery Committee:

1. Lottery Committee was initiated in Calcutta.
2. Features–

1. It collected funds for town improvement which were raised through public lotteries.
2. The Lottery Committee commissioned a new map of the city so as to get a comprehensive picture of Calcutta.
3. The Committee’s major activities were road building in the Indian part of the city and clearing the river bank of “encroachments".
4. Removing huts for cleaner city and displacing the labouring poor who were pushed to the outskirts of the Calcutta.

Fortification of East India Company in Madras - Fort St. George.

1. It became the nucleus of white town for the Europeans.
2. Wall and bastions.

Lottery Committee:

1. Lottery Committee initiated in Calcutta.
2. Features –

1. It collected funds for town improvement which were raised through public lotteries.
2. The Lottery Committee commissioned a new map of the city so as to get a comprehensive picture of Calcutta.
3. The Committee’s major activities were road building in the Indian part of the city and clearing the river bank of “encroachments."
4. Removing huts for cleaner city and displacing the labouring poor who were pushed to the outskirts of the Calcutta.

1. The British felt that cities needed to be better defended and white people had to live in more secure and segregated enclaves.
2. To ward off the threat of the “natives” pasture lands and agricultural fields around the older towns were cleared, and new urban spaces known as “Civil Lines” were set up.

1. The founding and setting of hill stations was initially connected with the needs of the British army.
2. Hill stations became strategic places for billeting troops, guarding frontiers and launching campaigns against an enemy rulers.
3. The temperate and cool climate of the Indian hills was seen as an advantage.
4. Hill stations were also developed as sanatoriums i.e. places where soldiers could be sent for rest and recovery from illnesses.
5. The hill stations also became recreational settlements.

1. Flocked to cities in the hope of employment.
2. Some saw cities as places of opportunity.
3. Some were attracted towards different type of life there.

1. Walls and bastions made this a distinct enclave.
2. Colour and religion determined who was allowed to live within the fort.
3. The company did not allow any marriages with Indians.
4. Other than English, the Dutch and Portuguese were allowed in the forts to stay because they were European and Christian.

1. Commercial centres such as Surat, Masulipatanam & Dhaka declined.
2. East India Company expanded colonial cities such as Madras (Chennai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and Bombay (Mumbai). They rapidly emerged as new economic capitals.
3. New occupations developed there and people flocked to these new cities.
4. These were the biggest cities in India in terms of population.

1. Availability of new transport facilities.
2. Exciting new forms of entertainment and social interaction in cities which were not seen before.
3. Sources of employment/income were bright in cities.
4. Allure of a different way of life.
5. Access to new educational institutions.

• Migration to the big cities.
• Composition of clerks, teachers, lawyers, doctors, engineers and accountants increased.
• New social groups emerged.
• Educated people could put forward their opinions on society and government.
• A new public sphere of debate and discussion emerged.
• Social customs, norms and practices came to be questioned.
• Middleclass women sought to express themselves through the medium of journals, autobiographies and books.
• Many people resented these attempts to change traditional patriarchal norms.

Hill stations:
Some students will write that Hill stations were not exclusive racial enclaves and mention how, which must be given credit.

1. Europeans recreated settlements reminiscent of their homes.
2. Buildings were built in European style.
3. Churches and educational institutions were set up by the British.
4. They were the summer capital for British Government like Simla, Nainital, Ooty, etc.
5. Recreation activities were shaped by British Cultural traditions, e.g., theatre, golf course, picnics, tea parties.
6. Civil Lines and cantonment areas developed.
7. Tea and coffee plantations brought labour from different parts of India.
8. British troops were kept here.
9. Maharajas/merchants built their homes there.
10. Sanatoriums were set up in hill stations.

Views on women in colonial cities:Supportive:

1. Middle class women expressed themselves through journals, auto biographies and books.
2. Reformers supported women’s education.
3. Women entered professions like domestic and factory workers.
4. They also started working as teachers and actresses and became visible in public sphere.

Conservative:

1. Resentment towards changing patriarchal norms.
2. Resentment towards women’s education.
3. They saw educated women as a threat to social order.
4. Even reformers saw women as mothers and wives within the space of the household.
5. Women who came out in public spaces were questioned.

The spread of Railways proved advantageous to Indians:

1. It connected remote areas.
2. Economic activity gradually shifted away from traditional towns eg. Mirzapur etc. to places such as Bombay.
3. Every railway station became a collection depot for raw materials and a distribution point for imported goods.
4. New Railway towns like Bareilly, Waltair, Jamalpur emerged.
5. It provided job opportunities to Indians.
6. Railways helped in migration of poor villagers in search of jobs.
7. Hill stations became more accessible to Indians.
8. Influx of immigrant labour to provide services to the upper classes.
9. It also resulted in relocation of upper and middle class Indians to the emerging cities.
10. Decline of traditional towns.
11. With the expansion of the railway network, railway workshop and railway colonies were established.

Hill stations:
Some students will write that Hill stations were not exclusive racial enclaves and mention how, which must be given credit.

1. Europeans recreated settlements reminiscent of their homes.
2. Buildings were built in European style.
3. Churches and educational institutions were set up by the British.
4. They were the summer capital for British Government like Simla, Nainital, Ooty, etc.
5. Recreation activities were shaped by British Cultural traditions, e.g., theatre, golf course, picnics, tea parties.
6. Civil Lines and cantonment areas developed.
7. Tea and coffee plantations brought labour from different parts of India.
8. British troops were kept here.
9. Maharajas/merchants built their homes there.
10. Sanatoriums were set up in hill stations.

There were ambiguities in the collection of Statistical data:

1. Vast mass of figures created an illusion of concreteness.
2. Failed to capture the fluid and overlapping identities of people.
3. The figures of mortality and disease were difficult to collect, for all deaths were not registered.
4. People were claiming identities that they associated with higher status.
5. Families did not share information about women.
6. Classification of sections by the government was arbitrary.
7. People gave evasive answers.

1. The colonial government felt that maps were essential to understand the landscape and know the topography.
2. This knowledge of mapping would allow better control over the region. The maps provided various important information.

1. In countryside, people subsisted by cultivating the land while in towns by contrast people who lived were artisans traders, administrators, rulers etc. Towns dominated over the rural areas.
2. Towns & cities were often fortified by walls but not the villages of the countryside.

The significance of the census operation undertaken by the British in India-

1. The census was a head count.
2. It helped in studying the cities and their growth.
3. The information about different sections of populationscould begathered.
4. The data on birth, death, agesex, caste, occupation was gathered.

Hill stations were important for the colonial economy in various ways:-

1. Tea and coffee plantations contributed to the revenue for the British economy.
2. Immigrant labour found jobs in plantations.
3. They developed as tourist destinations which encouraged commercial activities and urbanisation.
4. Railways connected the hill stations to other areas.
5. Hill stations became strategic army locations.
6. They developed as sanitoriums.
7. Summer destinations/capitals of the British in India.

Main characteristics of neo-Gothic style of architecture for public buildings are:-

1. Inspired by the churches of northern Europe of medieval period and mid 19th century England.
2. High pitched roofs.
3. Detailed decorations.
4. Pointed arches.
5. Secretariat building in Bombay.
6. University of Bombay.
7. High Court building in Bombay.
8. Victoria Terminus.

Indians gave money for constructing some of these buildings. E.g. Rajabai Tower.

1. The 1st all India Census was attempted in the 1870’s.
2. Two early aims:-

1. Systematic collection of taxes and control over the area.
2. Collection of information to study urbanisation.
3. Collection of social data.
4. Collection of economic data.

Features of colonial cities-

• Separate quarters for Indians and Europeans, labelled as Black Town and White Town, civil lines, cantonments.
• Mills were set up in these – beginning of industrial development.
• Because of railways close links established between countryside and towns.
• New kinds of offices, banking establishments etc.
• New kind of places-bungalows, parade grounds, church.
• Creation of public places–parks, theatres etc.
• Emergence of new groups.
• New architecture–through town planning.
• There were ports.
• There were fortified cities.
• They were provided many services.
• New modes of transport available.
• A new urban culture developed. Provided employment to the people.

Hill stations were a distinctive feature of colonial urban development.

1. The founding and settling of hill stations was initially connected with the needs of the British army such as Shimla, Mount Abu, and Darjeeling.
2. Hill stations became strategic places for billeting troops, guarding frontiers and launching campaigns against enemy rulers.
3. The temperate and cool climate of the Indian hills was seen as an advantage, particularly since the British associated hot weather with epidemics. Cholera and malaria were particularly feared and attempts were made to protect the army from these diseases.
4. The overwhelming presence of the army made these stations a new kind of cantonment in the hills.
5. These hill stations were also developed as sanitariums, i.e., places where soldiers could be sent for rest and recovery from illnesses.
6. Hill stations became an attractive destination for the new rulers.
7. It became a practice for viceroys to move to hill stations during the summer months.
8. In the hill stations the British and other Europeans sought to recreate settlements that were reminiscent of home.
9. The buildings were deliberately built in the European style. Individual houses followed the pattern of detached villas and cottages set amidst gardens.
10. Social calls, teas, picnics, fetes, races and visits to the theatre became common among colonial officials in the hill stations.
11. The introduction of the railways made hill stations more accessible to a wide range of people including Indians.
12. Upper and middle-class Indians such as maharajas, lawyers and merchants were drawn to these stations because they afforded them a close proximity to the ruling British elite.
13. Hill stations were important for the colonial economy. With the setting up of tea and coffee plantations in the adjoining areas, an influx of immigrant labour from the plains began.

As the hub of the colonial economy, Bombay and Madras functioned as collection depots for the export of Indian manufactures such as cotton textiles in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

1. The main focus of North Indian's Towns, was oriented towards the palace mughal power and the main mosque. In Agra, Lahore and Delhi.
2. Whereas in Southern Indian Towns, main focus of Towns was the temple-town Kanchipuram, Madurai.

1. The introduction of railways in 1853 meant a change in the fortunes of towns.
2. Economic activity gradually shifted away from traditional towns which were located along old routes and rivers.

The gates are:

1. Kashmere Gate.
2. Ajmeri Gate.
3. Turkman Gate.

1. Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were the Anglicised names of villages where the British first set up trading posts.
2. They are now known as Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata respectively.

1. With the defeat of the French in 1761, Madras became more secure and began to grow into an important commercial town.
2. It was here that the superiority of the British and the subordinate position of the Indian merchants were most apparent.

From the late nineteenth century the British tried to raise money for administering towns through the systematic annual collection of municipal taxes.

The figures of mortality and disease were difficult to collect, for all deaths were not registered, and illness was not always reported, nor treated by licensed doctors.

1. The gradual erosion of Mughal powerled to the demise of towns associated with their rule.
2. The Mughal capitals, Delhi and Agra, lost their political authority.

1. From the beginning there were separate quarters for Europeans and Indians.
2. They came to be labelled in contemporary writings as the "White Town" and "Black Town" respectively.

Indian merchants in the city, such as Dwarkanath Tagore and Rustomjee Cowasjee thought that Calcutta needed to be made more healthy.

1. British set up the hill stations as strategic places to billet troops, guard frontiers and enables launch of campaign against the rival rulers.
2.  

1. Simla, founded during the course of the Gorkha war,
2. Darjeeling was taken from Sikkim rulers in 1835.

1. In these towns White people lived.
2. These towns had wide roads, barracks, churches and parade ground.
3. The cantonment areas were also developed at safe places.

In the countryside, people subsisted through various activities such as cultivating land, foraging in the forest, or rearing animals.

Difficulties faced by census commission:

1. People thought that it was conducted to impose fresh taxes.
2. People were not interested to provide correct information about their household.

1. Calcutta developed from three villages.
2. They were,

1. Sutanati.
2. Kolkata
3. Govindpur.

1. The effects of political decentralization were uneven. In some places there was renewed economic activity.
2. In other places war, plunder and political uncertainty led to economic decline.

In North India, maintaining order was the work of the imperial officer called the kotwal we oversaw the internal affairs and policing of the town.

1. Triplicane was a Hindu religious centre that supported a large group of Brahmins.
2. Once the Nawab of Arcot settled nearby Triplicane, it become a nucleus of a substantial Muslim settlement.

Bombay was initially seven islands. As the population grew, the islands were joined to create more space and they gradually fused into one big city.

1. Bombay was acquired by the East India Company in 1661 from the English King.
2. The king had got it as part of his wife's dowry from the king of Portugal.

1. Chawls are multi-storyed building which are divided into smaller one room tenements without any private toilets.
2. These are dwelling houses of urban poor in Bombay mostly owned by private landlords.

The institution of municipal corporation was developed:

1. To ensure water supply and to maintain public health.
2. To provide facilities like Pucca road and sewerage.

1. For the Indian population, the new cities were bewildering places where life seemed always in a flux.
2. There was a dramatic contrast between extreme wealth and poverty.