Political Science 2 Marks Question

Environmental concerns that have become issues of global politics:

1. Throughout the world cultivable land is barely expanding any more. Besides, a substantial portion of existing agricultural land is loosing fertility.
2. About 1.2 billion people in developing countries have no access to safe drinking water.
3. Natural forests are being cut down throughout the world which has disestablished the climate.
4. A steady decline in the total amount of Ozone is taking place in the earth’s stratosphere which is posing real danger to the eco system.
5. Increasing coastal pollution.

Outcomes of Rio Summit:-

1. The Rio Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry, etc.
2. It recommended a list of developmental practices called 'Agenda 21.'
3. There was consensus on sustainable development.

1. The main issue of disagreement between India and Pakistan is Kashmir. Hence this issue should be put away at least for a decade.
2. Cultural delegates from both the countries must visit each other quite frequently.
3. Visa-restrictions should be relaxed.
4. Both the countries should improve trade and commerce relations.
5. The SAARC spirit of co-operation must be adopted by both the countries.
6. Both countries must stop arms race.
7. Pakistan must stop helping the terrorist.

Politics relating to uninterrupted supply of strategic resources, in particular, oil from Gulf countries and minerals from Central-Southern Africa as well as West and Central Asia are the important aspects of Geo-polities.

‘Common but differentiated responsibility’ signifies that states have common but differentiated responsibilities over various issues on global environmental degradation. For instance, the developed countries of the North want to discuss the environmental issues and want every one to be equally responsible for ecological conservation. The developing countries of the South on the other hand feel that much of the ecological degradation is due to the industrial development undertaken by the developed countries.

United Nations Environment Programme.
Functions:

1. To hold conferences on environmental issues.
2. To promote detailed studies to get more co-ordinated and effective response to the environmental problems.
3. To create environmental awareness on global warming.

The descendents of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world.
They follow the institutions inconformity with their particular social, economic and cultural customs and traditions.

• Indigenous people need special protection to protect their rights because issues related to their rights have been neglected since people of different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and over came them.
• Threat to their survival due to loss of land which is the main source of their livelihood.

The special needs of the developing countries must he taken into account in the development, application and interpretation of rules of International Environmental Laws.

We can protect the rights of the indigenous people with regard to the environment through:

1. Institutional safeguards.
2. Creating social safety net.

Global commons are those resources which are not owned by any one nation but are shared by global community.
For example: Earth’s atmosphere, Antartica, the Ocean floor and Outer space.

Global Commons include:

1. Earth’s atmosphere.
2. Antarctica.
3. Ocean floor.
4. Outer space.