Sociology 2 Marks Question

Well-known scholar Benedict Anderson argued that in 'imagined community':

1. The feeling that people who did not even know of each other's existence feel like members of a family.
2. people living on different corners of the country found themselves reading or hearing the same news.
3. People across a country do feel connected to develop a sense or belonging or 'we feeling'.
4. It helped in the growth of nationalism.
5. It gave people who would never meet each other, a sense of togetherness.

1. New technologies have helped boost the production and circulation of newspapers.
2. Large no. of glossy magazines have made their entry into market.
3. Adoption of advanced printing technologies has helped in bringing out supplements, pullouts, and literary and niche booklets.
4. Technological changes in news gathering have increased the speed of news thus providing readers with the latest news.
5. The number of editions has grown manifold with the setting up of multiple centers.
6. Marketing strategies have also marked a growth through consumer contact programs, door to door surveys and research.
7. Automation has led to the creation of e-newspapers.
8. The basic tools of news reporter have been replaced by new tools.

• Newspapers which circulate across regions.
• Hindustan Times, Times of India - Hindi dailies Dainik Jagran and Dainik Bhaskar.

Mass media:

• Mass media reaches mass audiences.
• It requires a formal structural organisation to meet large-scale capital, production & management demands.

Strategies for making Indian language newspapers popular-

• Indian language newspapers have adopted advanced use of printing technologies.
• Provide supplements, pull-out and literary booklets.
• Consumer contact programmes e.g. by Dainik Bhaskar group.
• Door to door surveys and research.
• Glossy magazine supplements.
• National dailies publish regional editions in regional language.

Media is called the watch dog of democracy-

• It was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance and national development.
• It was seen as a medium to provide information on development activities.
• It was encouraged to fight against social practices.
• Jawaharlal Nehru called media as watchdog of democracy.

Media as a watchdog of democracy:

• To spread the spirit of self-reliance.
• Means to inform people of the various developmental activities.
• Fights against oppressive social practices.
• Formulates public opinion.
• Provides a platform for voicing grievances.
• Promotes rational, scientific ethos.

Mass media:

• Mass media reaches mass audiences.
• It requires a formal structural organisation to meet large-scale capital, production & management demands.

Infotainment:
A combination of information & entertainment to sustain the interest of readers.

• Benedict Anderson stated that printing press helped the growth of nationalism, the feeling that the people who do not even know each other's existence feel like members of the family can be named as 'imagined community'.
• People who would never meet each other but would feel a sense of togetherness.

• A combination of information and entertainment to sustain the interest of the reader.
• Today's newspapers often have a wide range of coverage of different issues to appeal to the readers across all age groups.

• Rise in number of literate people.
• The Indian language newspaper caters to the needs of readers in small towns and villages and also of the reader of the cities.
• New advanced technology.
• Marketing strategies.
• Additional supplements, pullouts, literary and niche booklet, glossy papers, advertisement, (Property, Matrimonial) etc.
• Reasonably priced.
• Local news - District, City, Block Editions.

• It informs the people of the various developmental efforts.
• It also encourages to fight against the social oppressive practices.
• Spread's spirit of self-reliance and developmental efforts.
• Promotion of rational scientific ethos.

Rapid commercialization of TV broadcasting in India is due to -
The advent of colour broadcasting during the 1982 Asian games in Delhi and the rapid expansion of the national network.

The gravest challenge that media faced in India in 1975 was-
The declaration of emergency and censorship of the media.

Soap opera is a television or radio serial that deals with the daily lives of a group of characters. It is serialised and continuous.

Two reasons for the growth of Indian language newspapers are–

• Rise in the number of literate people.
• To cater to the different needs of readers.
• Adoption of advanced technologies.
• Marketing strategies. (contact, door to door etc.)

Infotainment: It is a combination of information and entertainment to sustain the interest of the readers.

Mass media as part of everyday life–

• Reading of newspaper.
• Watching television/films etc.
• Listening to the radio.
• Use of mobile phones.
• Use of Internet/social networking sites.

Answer Suggestions:The scope of the answer to WHAT is asked in the question is VERY LARGE.
The question requires a connection between "advertisement in technology" LEADING TO "revolutionary changes" IN "global communities".
Therefore, some suggested points closest to what a student may answer are–
The role of advertisements in newspapers, magazines, radio, T.V, films, hoardings, internet, mobile phones, pamphlets, shows (beauty pageants, award shows, etc) exhibitions, fairs etc.

The technological changes brought about in the Newspaper industry are–

• Network of personal computer. (PC)
• Local area networks. (LAN)
• Use of news making software, Newsmaker etc.
• Mini tape recorders, a laptop.
• Mobile or satellite phone.
• Other accessories like modem etc.

The term infotainment is a combination of information and entertainment to sustain the interest of readers and viewers eg. programmes on T.V. and Radio, etc.

• We wake up to put on the radio.
• Switch on the television.
• Look for the morning newspaper.
• Glance at the mobile phones to check missed calls, etc.
• Internet.

• Expected to spread the spirit of self reliance.
• It is a means to inform the people of the various developmental efforts.
• It fights against oppressive social practices like untouchability, child marriage and social ostracism, etc.

1. FM channels provide a boost to entertainment programmes.
2. They specialise in 'particular kinds' of popular music to retain their audiences.
3. Many of the FM channels are now owned by media conglomerates like Times of India, Star Network, etc.
4. Caters to local cultures- demand for local news is growing; local radio.

• By using popular local content, like Hindi films.
• By dubbing their international programmes in Indian languages.
• By making Indian versions of popular international programmes.

The different forms of mass media include:-
Television, newspaper, films, magazines, radio, advertisements, video games and CD’s, etc.

Media acts as the Watchdog of Democracy because -

• Media was seen as a means to inform the people of the various developmental activities.
• It also fights against oppressive social practices like untouchability, child marriage, ostracism of widows, beliefs of witchcraft.
• Formulates public opinion.
• Provides a platform for voicing grievances.

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister, called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy.

• The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance.
• The media was a means to inform the people of the various developmental efforts.
• The media was also encouraged to fight against oppressive social practices like untouchability, child marriages, and ostracism of widows, as well as beliefs of witchcraft and faith healing.

• Rise of Literate people.
• Introduction of local news.
• Adoption of advanced printing techniques-supplements, pullout, etc.
• Marketing strategies—door to door surveys etc.
• Reduced prices.

• People wake up only to put on the radio.
• Switch on the television.
• Look for the morning newspaper.
• Younger children may first glance at their mobile phones to check their missed calls.
• Plumbers, electricians, carpenters, painters and sundry other service providers in many urban centres have a mobile telephone where they can be easily contacted.
• Many shops in cities increasingly have a small television set.
• Indians abroad keep regular touch with friends and families back home over the internet and telephone.
• Migrants from working class population in the cities are regularly in touch with their families in the villages over the phone.

There is a great demand for local news and songs in regional languages. Local people love listening to FM channels like Radio Mirchi, Red FM, Radio City etc. Channels play on the mobile and in vehicle stereo system. It is a suitable medium for people on the go.

The transnational television companies like Star TV, MTV, Sony and others have deeply impacted Indian cultural identity. They are providing the familiar stuff to the audiences in Hindi and other regional languages.

There is an increase in the literate population and most of them migrate to the cities for jobs. People of Bihar and UP prefer Hindi newspapers. Newspapers are giving more local level contents. People of different regions feel more empowered and participation than ever before. Newspaper gives them expression.

Democracy and freedom are meaningless unless and until people have the freedom to express their opinions freely. Media is a medium of expressing our views/ opinions freely. So Nehru told Media a 'watchdog of democracy'.

Mass media is an essential part of our daily life because people start the day with newspaper, or listening radio, or watching television. The youths check the missed calls or sms on their cellphones every morning.

The mass media include a wide variety of forms, including television, newspapers, films, magazines, radio, advertisements, video games and CDs. They are referred to as 'mass' media because they reach mass audiences audiences comprised of very large numbers of people. They are also referred to as mass communications.

• Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister, called upon the media to function as the watchdog of democracy.
• The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance and national development among the people. The media was seen as a means to inform the people of the various developmental efforts. The media was also encouraged to fight against oppressive social practices like untouchability, child marriages, and ostracism of widows, as well as beliefs of witchcraft and faith healing.
• A rational, scientific ethos was to be promoted for the building of a modern industrial society. The Film Division of the government produced news reels and documentaries which were shown before the screening of films in every movie theatre, documenting the development process directed by the state.

• Soap operas are stories that are serialized.
• They are continuous.
• Individual stories may come to an end. And different characters appear and disappear, but the soap itself has no ending until it is taken off the air completely. Soap operas presume a history, which the regular viewer knows he or she becomes familiar with the characters, with their personalities and their life experiences.

Changes that globalization has brought about on:

1. The print media (primarily newspapers and magazines).
2. The electronic media (primarily television).
3. The radio.

• The beginning of print media and its role in both the spread of the social reform movement and the nationalist movement have been important.
• After independence, the print media continued to share the general approach of being a partner in the task of nation building by taking up developmental issues as well as giving voice to the widest section of people.
• The gravest challenge that media faced was with the declaration of Emergency in 1975 and censorship of the media. Fortunately, the period ended and democracy was restored in 1977. India with its many problems can be justifiably proud of a free media.