Social Studies [3 Mark Questions]

The three problems faced by the Indian farmers are:

1. Lack of availability of water for irrigation. The high yielding variety of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides etc. are very expensive, the farmers find it difficult to purchase them.
2. Most of the farmers have small holdings which are uneconomical.
3. In case of a crop failure, it becomes difficult in paying the loans taken from the banks and private money lenders. In order, to pay the debts, they are compelled to sell their produce at cheaper rates.

Life of agricultural labourers in Rural India.

1. Nearly 66.67% of the population in rural areas is agricultural labourer.
2. Some of them have their own small plots of land which cannot give them enough to earn their livelihood. Most of them are landless.
3. They have to go to distant places to find work. This travel is called migration.

The main causes for the backwardness of the Indian agriculture are as follows:

1. Small and fragmented land holding.
2. Vicious circle of poverty.
3. Excessive dependence on monsoons.
4. No scientific method of cultivation.
5. Floods and droughts.

People in villages near coastal areas earn their livelihood by fishing. Their houses are close to sea and one finds rows of catamarans and nets lying around. At about 7 a.m. there are lot of activities on beach, this is the time when catamarans return with their catch and women gather to buy and sell fish.

Different works:

1. Farming/ agriculture.
2. Making Baskets.
3. Utensils.
4. Pots.
5. Bricks.
6. Bullock-carts.

Before independence, our villages were extremely backward. Most of the villages did not have modern facilities of irrigation. Farmers were mostly illiterate and superstitious. They did not have a scientific outlook, old methods of cultivation were followed. Zamindars or the British Government paid no heed towards the improvement of the farmers. People were mostly poor, though they worked hard.

Farmers borrow money to purchase basic things like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Often they borrow this money from money lenders. If the seeds are not of good quality or pests attack their crop, there can be a major crop failure. The crops can also be ruined if the monsoon does not bring enough rain. When this happens farmers sometimes are unable to pay back their loans. And, for the family to survive, they may even have to borrow more money. Soon the loan becomes so large that no matter what they earn, they are unable to repay. This is when we can say they are caught in debt.

With the arrival of electricity, the output of agricultural produce has greatly increased. Tube wells driven by electricity helped in irrigating land. Besides agriculture, electrification also helped in industrial development in villages. Various comforts of life (such as radio, television etc.) made available to the villagers. Also, entertainment and education brought to the doorsteps of the villages by television and radio. Thus, the living standard of the villagers improved.

Shekar and Thulasi both live in a village and do hard works for their living. Shekar is the owner of two acres of land while Thulasi and her family have no land of their own. Thulasi does work on the field owned by Ramalingam and Shekar in a rice mill. At leisure Thulasi does her home task and goes to collect firewood from the nearby forest. Shekar while free from his field works in Ramalingam’s rice mill and help him collecting paddy from nearby villages.

1. Tea shops.
2. Grocery shops.
3. Barber shops.
4. Cloth shops.
5. Tailor shops.
6. Fertiliser and seed shops.

1. The poor in the village/ rural areas do not earn much money to meet their both ends or to survive with the little money they earn.
2. They spend a lot of time on collecting firewood from forests, fetching water from distant bore well and grazing their cattle.
3. These activities also save their money and fulfil their several needs.

There are various ways of earning livelihood in rural areas. Some earn their living by farming while others do it by indulging in non-farming activities. However, daily wage earners, casual labourers and landless farmers have to wage a long battle of survival. Very often they even have to migrate to cities. Borrowing is frequent and indebtedness is a social malice.

The agricultural productivity can be raised by providing the proper marketing facilities, provisions of better irrigational facilities, reduction of population burden on land, development of cottage and small scale industries and encouraging cooperative farming.

A zamindar was an official employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. The practice was continued under the British. The zamindar was considered as land lord and would collect all taxes on his lands and then hand over the collected taxes to the British authorities. The zamindars exploited the tillers and took themselves a major share of the produce and the peasant was left with very little. Thus, they had to borrow money from the zamindars and in return, they served them as bonded labour till the debt was repaid. After independence, the government of India abolished both the systems.

During the monsoon season, the fishermen cannot go to the sea because this is when the fish breed. These months are the most difficult ones. They survive by borrowing money from traders. Because of this they face a problem of selling the fish to traders on low prices and cannot do their own auctions.

Mangamma is happy that her daughters go to school. However, she recalls the trouble she had to go through a year back when her daughter had fallen sick and she had no money for her treatment. She had to borrow money from Ramalingam on a heavy interest to take her to the town for treatment. Since she could not repay the loan on time she had to sell her bullock. This reflects the reality of rural livelihoods in India who are unable to meet even their basic needs.

The people of Chizami have their own individual fields but they also work collectively in each other’s fields. They form groups of six or eight and take an entire mountainside to clean the weeds on it. All groups eat together once their work for the day is over. This goes on for several days until the job is completed.

The causes for the growth of agricultural labourers are as follows:

1. Increase in population.
2. Decline of cottage and handicraft industries.
3. Increase in indebtness.
4. Eviction of small farmers and tenants from land.

The people in the rural areas depends upon collection from the forest, animal husbandry, dairy produce, fishing etc. For example, in Central India, both farming and collection from the forest are important sources of livelihood. Collecting mahua, tendu leaves, honey, to be sold to traders is an important source of additional income.

Seasonal unemployment is found basically in agricultural sectors. In industrial sectors, people are employed normally for all the days in the year. But, this is not true for agriculture. This is due to the fact that agricultural operations require labour only during certain seasons. In between the seasons, the workers in agriculture remain idle or have no productive work to be engaged in.

People in rural areas earn their living in various ways. Some work on farms while others earn their living on non- farms activates. Working on farms involves operations such as preparing the land, sowing, weeding and harvesting of crops. Most farmers grow crops both for their own requirements and also to sell in the market. There are some families in rural areas which thrive on large acres of lands, business and other activities. However, most small farmers, agricultural labourers, fishing families, crafts persons in the village do not find enough work to keep them employed throughout the year.

Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, banana or cotton are grown. It requires the large amount of labour and capital. Major plantation are found in the tropical regions of the world like rubber in Malayasia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India etc.

Two-third of India’s marginal farmers and landless labourers have to borrow money from traders, mahajans or moneylenders at a hefty rate of interest. Crop failure, flood, drought can incur them heavy losses at times leading them into a longer period of accumulated loan on interest. This is called being caught in a debt trap. Rural indebtedness is a big problem faced by farmers of India in spite of several reforms.

Many times small farmers like Chhotu have to borrow money to purchase seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. They borrow money from rich farmers, shopkeepers, traders or moneylenders. Sometimes, either the seeds are not of good quality or pests attack them due to which crops get ruined. Failure of monsoon or untimely rainfall damages crops. In such a situation, farmers are unable to pay back their loans. Farmers also borrow money for marriage or any other social functions in the family. Many a times, they borrow money to purchase food items and to manage other daily expenditures.