Social Studies [3 Mark Questions]

Vegetable vendors work on streets pushing their wares on carts or set up makeshift shops and sell their goods. They have no security or dignity because police dismantle their shops any time. The domestic servants earn low wages despite working in many houses. They have a difficult life. Garment workers earn low daily wages by working in shifts. These urban livelihoods are low paying and not secure. In comparison to them, bank employees have a secure job and earn a high fixed salary. They are on monthly employment and avail facilities like casual leave, medical leave and provident fund scheme.

Marketing managers performs numerous duties for companies like conducting market research, setting up of marketing strategy, sales, advertising and promotion of the products, pricing, product development, event management and enhancing public relations.

Marketing emphasizes selling of satisfaction rather than selling a product or service. The basic objective is to find what the customer want and to ensure that they get the maximum possible satisfaction. Whereas, selling is concerned merely with the transfer of goods which the seller has already produced. Marketing focuses on the needs of the buyer, and selling, on the needs of the seller.

Permanent or regular jobs are secure. People enjoying these jobs are secure and have a bright future. They have fixed working hours with fixed salaries. They are provided with facilities such as Public Provident Fund, medical facilities and can even enjoy holidays, i.e., Sunday, all national holidays and annual leaves. But Casual jobs are on temporary basis. People are employed on daily wages. These jobs are provided by private factories when their search is on full swing. The labourers are forced to do extra hours. But the future is not secured in these kinds of jobs.

S.NO	Family	Community
1.	It is the smallest unit of a civic life.	It is the biggest unit of civic life.
2.	Consists of parents and children.	Consists of people living in one place, district or country
3.	Parents manage affairs.	Here, local bodies manage their affairs.

Most of the workers at the labour Chowk cannot afford permanent lodging and so sleep on pavements near the chowk, or they pay Rs. 6 a night for a bed at a nearby night shelter run by the Municipal Corporation. To compensate for the lack of security, local tea shops functions as banks, moneylenders and safety lockers, all rolled into one. Most workers leave their tools at these shops for the night for safekeeping, and pass on any extra money to them. The shopkeepers keep the money safely and also offer loans to labourers in need. Hence, the living conditions of the workers are very poor and depressing.

A Call Centre is a centralised office that deals with problems and queries of the consumers regarding goods purchased and services like banking, ticket booking etc. It has the ability to handle a considerable volume of calls at the same time, to screen calls and forward them to someone qualified to handle them.

Markets initially started as marketplaces usually in the hub of villages and towns, for the sale or barter of farm produce, clothing and day to day items. These kinds of street markets developed into a whole variety of consumer-oriented markets, such as shopping centers, supermarkets, or even online markets (internet).

The main problem vendor’s faces are:

1. Shops are usually temporary in structures.
2. Dismantling of their shops any time by the police.
3. They have no security.
4. There are certain parts of city where these vendors are not allowed to enter.

A Call Centre is a centralised office that deals with problems and questions that consumers/ customers have regarding goods purchased and services like banking, ticket booking etc. Call centres are generally set up as large rooms with work stations that include a computer, a telephone set and supervisor’s stations. India has become a major centre not only for Indian companies but also for foreign companies.

The benifits enjoyed by the marketing manager are as follows:

1. Regular salaries and is a permanent woker with the company.
2. Entitled for providendent funds.
3. Holidays and perks given to them from time to time.
4. Medical facilities.

Shops in permanent buildings incur a lot of expenditure- pay rent and tax, employ workers etc. In temporary shops, goods are stored at home only. Workers are not employed because they are helped by family members. Subsequently, goods sold in permanent shops are costlier than the temporary shops.

Small workshops and factories need casual workers for big profits and less investment. Casual workers are called for when the employer needs them. They are employed when the employer gets large orders or during certain seasons. If they complain about pay or working conditions, they are asked to leave any time. They are also expected to work very long hours. If there is the need to finish a work urgently then these workers are called for work even on Sundays. All these factors are in favour of small workshops and factories. Therefore they employ casual workers.

The work of hawkers/ street vendors has been recognised as important for the low income purchasers.

1. Previously hawkers were not allowed to sell their articles on the streets.
2. Now hawking zones have been suggested for the hawkers to move freely.
3. They have been made members of the committees which think about their welfare.

The ‘labour chowk’ is a place where daily wage labourers assemble to be hired by an employer; these labourers work as helpers to masons. They dig at construction sites, lift loads or unload trucks in the market, dig pipelines and telephone cables and also build roads. There are thousands of such casual labourers who work in a city.

Permanent Job	Casual Job
Worker gets regular salary.	No regular income.
Leaves and holidays are available.	No leave or holiday.
Job security is present.	Job is not secure.
Retirement benefits are present.	No such benefits.
Better earnings.	Poor earnings.

The three types of urban livelihoods were:

1. Primary occupation: In such type of occupation people are dependent upon natural resources. For example, agriculture, forestry, cattlerearing, fishing, mining, etc.
2. Secondary occupation: They include processing of raw-material into finished goods by hand or machine. For example, textile industry, iron and steel industry, jute industry, wool industry, etc.
3. Tertiary occupation: These are occupations which provide expert service to people. For example, teaching, banking, railways, postoffices, etc.

All human progress is the result of living and working together. Cooperation has helped humans towards progress and prosperity. As population increased and life became more complex, governments became more organised. They made laws to regulate and control the activities of the people. We should cooperate with our government and abide by all the rules and regulations.

According to a survey 12% of all the workers in the city of Ahmedabad work on the streets.

1. They sell things.
2. They repair things.
3. They provide services.

The Constitution of India guarantees to the citizens of India six fundamental rights: the right to equality, the right to freedom, the right against exploitation, the right to religion, cultural and educational rights and the right to constitutional remedies. These rights enjoy a special status. If any of these rights are violated, a citizen can approach either a High Court or the Supreme Court directly.

From the dentist clinic, the author and his cousin went to new garments showroom, because the author wanted to buy some clothes.

1. The showroom had three floors.
2. Each floor had different kinds/types of clothes.
3. The third floor had clothes for girls.

Migration means shifting from one place to another. Due to lack of employment in rural areas, villagers migrate to cities. This links ruralurban livelihoods. It leads to overcrowding of cities and puts a burden on civic amenities in a city. However, it has disadvantages of its own. It leads to prosperity. The rural people send the income to their dependents in rural areas. Further it helps urban people to expand their business with the help of rural labour.

Factory Area:

1. The area was full of small workshops.
2. Their rows were endless.
3. People worked on sewing machines in a small room and were stitching clothes and stocked them in one comer.

The government is thinking about modifying the law that banned street vendors, so that they have a place to work and that there is also a free flow of traffic and people. Hawking zones have been suggested for towns and cities. It has also been suggested that mobile vendors should be allowed to move around freely. Hawkers need to be part of committees that are set up to take these and other decisions relating to them.

Man is a social animal. He cannot live alone for all his needs as he depends on others. He has to seek cooperation from his father, mother, brother, neighbours friends and other people in the society. A man living alone cannot live happier, hence living together is important.

The working conditions of the non- permanent workers are very depressing. They are given very minimum pay for their work and if they complain about their pay, they are asked to leave the job. There is no job security or protection if there is ill treatment. They are also expected to work very long hours. For example in the cloth mill units the workers work on day and night shifts, with each shift lasting 12 hours. One worker works on one machine for 12 hours and then is replaced by another on the same machine for the next 12 hours.