Science Do as directed; [1 M ]

	Spraying		Fumigation
1.	Spraying requires mechanical devices such as manual sprayer or mechanical sprayer.	1.	It does not require any mechanical device.
2.	It is less effective than fumigation.	2.	It is more effective than spraying.

Farmyard Manure: It is the decomposed mixture of cattle excreta, dung, urine, litter and left over organism matter such as roughage and Fodder. Compost Manure: It is prepared from farm and town refuge such as vegetable and animal refuse.

We should adapt crop rotation because in crop rotation one type of crop is planted upto a certain year then a leguminous crop (i.e pea plant) is planted to provide nitrogen to the soil then the next crop is planted for next few years then in the same way the crop rotation continues.

The signs of infestation are damage to store product, live or dead insects (small beetles and moths), larvae, pupae or silken webbing on food storage bins on shelves.

	Roughage		Concentrates
1.	Roughage contains fibres such as green fodder, silage, hay and legumes.	1.	Concentrates are a mixture of substances which are rich in one or more nutrients.
2.	It is high in fibre.	2.	It is low in fibre.

There are three methods of fertilizer applications in practice:

1. Broadcasting: Uniform distribution over the whole cropped field.
2. Placement: Application in bands or in pockets near the plants or plant rows.
3. Foliar application: Using low or high volume sprayers, the fertilizers are sprayed covering the plants.

As a result of this, the pond water would acquire a high concentration of nitrates and phosphates which would result in the excessive growth of algae and phytoplankton in the pond.

There are two main factors responsible for loss of grains during storage:

1. Biotic factors: Insects, rodents, birds, mites and bacteria.
2. Abiotic factors: They include moisture, temperature and other non-living environmental factors.

Milk is rich in fat, tocopherol, proteins, calcium, and phosphorus and contains low sodium, potassium and cholesterol. It is ideal for making milk products like ghee, curd etc. Milk in comparison to other food products such as egg and meat contain all the major food constituents such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, water and vitamins such as A and D.

Limitations of using manures are:

1. Manures are not nutrient specific.
2. Manures are not able to fulfill the high and rapid demand of nutrients required by improved high-yielding hybrid varieties of crops.

Biofertiliser are living organism used as fertiliser to supply the nutrients to crop plants. g., nitrogen fixing blue green algae, nitrogen fixing bacteria, which fix atmospheric nitrogen in soil, rice fields, are called as biofertiliser.

Prevention of poultry diseases: Poultry fowls suffer from various diseases that are caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, etc. These diseases can be prevented by adopting the following methods:

1. Proper cleaning and sanitation.
2. Spraying disinfectants regularly.
3. Appropriate vaccination on a regular basis.

Poultry birds are prevented from diseases are following:

1. Keep it clean.
2. Change the litter.
3. Be careful adding birds.
4. Use quality feed.
5. Learn about vaccinations.
6. Keep a cozy coop.
7. Disposal is key.
8. Create a sick bay.

Temperature: The food grains should be stored at the right temperature. Ventilation: The food grains should have ventilation so that they do not get rotten humidity should prevent from humidity.

I would suggest the method of artificial insemination for improving the cattle breed because we can raise animals of desired characteristics through this method and also it is a more hygienic method of breeding animals. In this method, rate of successful fertilisation is higher than that of natural breeding methods.

Poultry in India is the most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff into highly nutritious animal protein food. In poultry farming, domestic fowls are raised to produce eggs and chicken. For this, the fowls are given animal feeds in the form of roughage, which mainly consists of fibres. Thus, by feeding animals a fibre rich diet, the poultry gives highly nutritious food in the form of eggs and chicken.

Green Manuring or Green Manure is the practice which includes growing, mulching by ploughing and mixing of green crops with soil to improve physical structure and soil fertility. Example: Guar, Besleem, Saanhemp, etc.

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Plants absorb water from the ground up through their roots. During photosynthesis, the energy from the sun splits the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

Beekeepers are also called honey farmers, apiarists, or less commonly, apiculturists (both from the Latin apis, bee; cf. apiary). The term beekeeper refers to a person who keeps honey bees in beehives, boxes, or other receptacles.

Bee hive is made up of wax which is secreted from the wax glands present in the abdomen of worker bees. The hexagonal shape of the cells cover maximum.

River lift systems: In this system, water is directly drawn from the rivers for supplementing irrigation in areas lying close to rivers. This system is used in areas where canal flow is insufficient or irregular due to inadequate reservoir release.

Green manure: is prepared by decomposition of green plants in field itself. It helps in enriching the soil in nitrogen and phosphorus. Organic matter for improving hydration, aeration and word structure of soil. It provides protection against erosion and leaching. g., sunhemp is grown in fields, mulched by ploughing and allowed to decompose in the field for the preparation of green manure.

Cattle farming is one of the methods of animal husbandry that is most beneficial for farmers. Using this method, better breeds of draught animals can be produced. Such draught animals are engaged in agricultural fields for labour work such as carting, irrigation, tilling, etc.

Excessive irrigation causes water logging and increases surface salinity which leads to soil salinity.

High yielding breeds have following advantages over indigenous breeds:

1. They have a higher egg-producing capacity.
2. They have high immunity against various diseases.
3. They have a better quality of meat.

Advantages of irrigation:

1. It is necessary to provide sufficient moisture for the germination of seeds.
2. Irrigation of crop plants is essential for the growth and elongation of roots of the crop plants.
3. It is necessary to increase the number of aerial branches in crop plants.
4. It is essential for the absorption of nutrient elements by the crop plants from the soil.

The animals which provide us food are cow, buffalo, hen and fish.

Biological control is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically it also involves an active human management role.

Steps of artificial insemination are as follows:

1. Selection of a healthy and tough animal having high milk yield.
2. Collection of semen from the selected animal.
3. Preservation of semen by freezing or chemical methods.
4. Injecting semen into the genital tract of the female animal during fertility period.

1. Pomphret.

1. Tuna.

Manures increase soil fertility by enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients as it is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant wastes. On the other hand, fertilizers are mostly inorganic compounds whose excessive use is harmful to the symbiotic micro-organisms living in soil. Their excessive use also reduces soil fertility. Hence, fertilizers are considered good for only short term use.

Advantages of fertilizer over manure:

1. Fertilizers are very rich in plant nutrient whereas manure contains small amounts of essential plant nutrients.
2. Fertilizers are soluble in water whereas manure is not soluble in water.

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) crop residue Black thorn (Acacia mellifera) and Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crusgalli) forage and straw are the fodder crops.

Micronutrients

1. They are required in very small quantities.
2. They are involved in enzyme activity and electron transport.

Example: Iron, Zinc
Macronutrients

1. They are required in large quantities.
2. They have no significant role in enzyme activity and electron transport.

Example: Nitrogen, Calcium

Indian poultry breed: Aseel. Foreign poultry breed: Longhorn. Desirable trait after cross breeding: Better quantity and quality of eggs and meat with good adaptability to local conditions.

Kharif crops: Paddy, maize, millet, soybean, groundnut and cotton crops are Kharif crops. Rabi crop: Wheat, barley, mustard, sesame and peas are Rabi crops.

For the storage of grains, grain silos are used. The silos are big and tall cylindrical structures. They are provided with outlets at different levels to withdraw the desired stock of grains. They have built in arrangement for aeration, temperature control, protection from insects, rats, birds etc.

1. General utility breeds of cow:

General utility breeds of cow refer to those breeds of cow that are raised for multiple purposes such as providing milk as well as helping in agricultural tasks. Some of the following are the general utility breeds:

1. Ongole (Andhra Pradesh).
2. Kankrej (Gujarat).
3. ​Tharparkar (Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh).

2. Breeds of buffalo:

There are 10 breeds of buffaloes in India that are raised for a higher yield of milk. Some of these are as follows:

1. Murrah: Original breed of Haryana and Punjab.
2. Mehsana: Breed of Gujarat.
3. Surti: A native breed of Kaira and Vadodara district of Gujarat.

Macro-nutrientsare nutrients required in relatively large quantities for growth and development of plants. They are six in number. Since they are required in large quantities, they are known as macro-nutrient. The six macro-nutrients required by plants are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur.

Water should be used judiciously because:

1. It helps in the cultivation of crops.
2. In desert areas where there is scarcity of water, it is supplied through irrigation practices to prevent drought.

Green manuring is the practice which includes growing, mulching by ploughing and mixing of green crops with soil, to improve physical structure and soil fertility.
Example: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea).

The factors responsible for loss of grains during storage are:

1. Abiotic factors like moisture (present in foodgrains), humidity (of air) and temperature.
2. Biotic factors like insects, rodents, birds, mites and bacteria.