Social Studies LONG ANS. QUESTIONS(5 Mark)

The three main processes of change of population are-birth rates, death rates and migration.

1. Birth rate: It is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. It is a major component of growth because in India, birth rates have always been higher than the death rates.
2. Death rate: It is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. The main cause of the rate of growth of the Indian population has been the rapid decline in the death rate.
3. Migration: Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between countries).

Population growth refers to the change in number of people of a territory during a specific period of time. Such a change can be expressed in two ways:

1. In terms of percentage change per year.
2. In terms of absolute numbers. The absolute numbers added each year or decade is the magnitude of increase.

It is calculated by simply subtracting the earlier population (e.g. that of 2001) from the later population (e.g. that of 2011). It is referred to as the absolute increase. The rate or the pace of population increase is studied in per cent per annum. This is referred to as the annual growth rate. e.g., a rate of increase of 2 percent per annum means that in a given year, there was an increase of two persons for every 100 persons in the base population. The population of India has been steadily increasing from 361 million in 1951 to 1210 million in 2011.

The percentage of a population that is economically active is an important index of development. The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is referred to as the occupational structure. An enormous variety of occupations are found in any country The proportion of people working in different activities varies in developed and developing countries.
Developed nations have a high proportion of people in secondary, and tertiary activities. Developing countries tend to have a higher proportion of their workforce engaged in primary activities. In India, about 64 percent of the population is engaged only in agriculture.
The proportion of population dependent on secondary and tertiary sectors is about 13 and 20 percent respectively. There has been an occupational shift in favour of secondary and tertiary sectors because of growing industrialization and urbanisation in recent times.

The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is called occupational structure.Occupation are generally classified:

1. Primary activities: The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods.
2. Secondary activities: The secondary sector of the economy includes industries that produce a finished, usable product or are involved in construction.
3. Tertiary activities: Tertiary is the sector provides services to end consumers and to the primary and secondary sector's and is considered the most important sector in the chain Transportation, Healthcare, Food service, Retail sales, Advertising, Entertainment, Tourism, Banking, Law etc.

The National Population Policy 2000 provides a policy framework for:

1. Imparting free and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age.
2. Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births.
3. Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine-preventable diseases.
4. Promoting delayed marriage and child bearing.
5. Making family welfare a people-centred programme.
6. Providing nutritional services and food supplements to adolescents.
7. Protecting adolescents from unwanted pregnancies and sexually-transmitted diseases, and educating them about the risks of unprotected sex.
8. Making contraceptive services accessible and affordable.

1. Children (generally below 15 years): They are economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing, education and medical care.
2. Working age (15-59 years): They are economically productive and biologically reproductive. They comprise the working population.
3. Aged (above 59 years): They can be economically productive, though they may have retired. They may be working voluntarily, but they are not available for employment through recruitment.

Health is an important component of population composition because it affects the process of development. Although the health conditions of the Indian population have improved a lot due to the sustained efforts of government programmes, more and more efforts are still needed in this regard in order to get the optimum results. The reasons behind this aregiven below:

1. The per capita calorie consumption is much below the recommended levels and malnutrition affects a large percentage of our population.
2. Safe drinking water and basic sanitation amenities are available to only one-third of the rural population. Unless these problems are tackled properly, health condition of the Indian population can't reach up to the desired level.

Comparison Chart:

BASIS FOR COMPARISON	DEVELOPED COUNTRIES	DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Meaning	A country having an effective rate of industrialization and individual income is known as Developed Country.	Developing Country is a country which has a slow rate of industrialization and low per capita income.
Unemployment and Poverty	Low	High
Rates	Infant mortality rate, death rate and birth rate is low while the life expectancy rate is high.	High infant mortality rate, death rate and birth rate, along with low life expectancy rate.
Living conditions	Good	Moderate
Generates more revenue from	Industrial sector	Service sector
Growth	High industrial growth.	They rely on the developed countries for their growth.
Standard of living	High	Low
Distribution of Income	Equal	Unequal
Factors of Production	Effectively utilized	Ineffectively utilized

The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is referred to as the occupational structure. In India, there is an enormous variety of occupations. - Occupations are generally classified as primary, secondary and tertiary.

1. Primary activities: include agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying, etc.
2. Secondary activities: include manufacturing industry, building and construction work, etc.
3. Tertiary activities: include transport, communications, commerce, administration and other services.

• In India, about 64 percent of the population is engaged only in agriculture.
• The proportion of population dependent on secondary and tertiary sectors is about 13 and 20 percent respectively.
• But recently there has been an occupational shift in favour of secondary and tertiary sectors because of growing industriali sation and urbanisation.

1. By population density, we mean the number of persons per unit area. India is one of the most densely populated countries of the world.
2. The population density of India in the Census year 2011 was 382 persons per sq km. Densities vary from 1102 persons per sq km in Bihar to only 17 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh.
3. Rugged terrain and unfavourable climatic conditions are primarily responsible for sparse population in some parts of the country.
4. Assam and most of the peninsular states have moderate population densities. Hilly dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low. rainfall, shallow and less fertile, soil have influenced population densities in these areas.
5. The Northern Plains and Kerala in the south have very high population densities because of the flat plains with fertile soils and abundant rainfall.

NPP 2000 And Adolescents. NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that need greater attention.Major objectives of the policy:

1. To fulfill nutritional requirements
2. Protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.
3. Encouraging delayed marriage and child bearing.
4. Education of adolescents about the risk of unprotected sex.
5. Making contraceptive services accessible and affordable.
6. Providing food supplements.

Life expectancy in India has more than doubled in the last sixty years. It increased from around 30 years at the time of independence to over 63.5 years in 2002-06. The reasons are as follows:

• Large number of medical and paramedical staff has been taken on contract to augment the human resources.
• Mobile Medical Units increased to 363 districts in 2009-10 from 310 in 2008-09 to provide diagnostic and outpatient care closer to hamlets and villages in remote areas.
• The Reproductive and Child Health Programme and National Disease Control Programmes introduced.

Government health care services are organised at different levels. Primary health care is provided through a network of over 146,036 health sub-centres, 23,458 PHCs and 4,276 CHCs.

Of late, there have been a lot of improvements in the health status of the Indian population. A few of them include -

1. Diseases like smallpox, plague, rabies have been completely eradicated. Also, malaria has been kept under control.
2. Many measures are being taken to keep dengue, filaria, HIV, tuberculosis, and leprosy under control.
3. Many institutes and hospitals have come up to treat cancer as a specialty.
4. Immunisation schedule has been made mandatory for infants, toddlers, and children. The government organizes a free pulse-polio program for children under 5 years.
5. The infant mortality rate has significantly fallen from 148 per thousand births in 1951 to 70 in 2000. Also, the average life expectancy rate has increased from 36 years as in 1951 to 62 years in 2000.

1. Regions of low density of population: Below 250 persons per square km.
2. States: Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.

Reasons: Rugged terrain and unfavourable climatic conditions.

3. Regions of moderate density of population: 250-500 persons per square km.

States: Assam and most of the Peninsular states.
Reasons: Hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low rainfall, shallow and less fertile soils.

4. Regions of high density of population: Above 500 persons per square km.

States: The Northern Plains and Kerala in the south.
Reasons: Flat plains with fertile soils and abundant rainfall.

1. A weak primary healthcare sector: India has made strides in the expansion of public services. For instance, in 2015, there was one government hospital bed for every 1,833 people compared with 2,336 persons a decade earlier. However, as Lancet points out, this has been inequitably distributed.
2. Unequally distributed skilled human resources: There aren’t enough skilled healthcare professionals in India despite recent increases in MBBS programmes and nursing courses. Lancet says this shortage is compounded by inequitable distribution of these resources. In community health centres in rural areas of many states, ranging from Gujarat to West Bengal, the shortfall of specialists exceeds 80%.
3. Large unregulated private sector: Given the quality of care available, few frequent public sector hospitals. The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) numbers show a decrease in the use of public hospitals over the past two decades-only 32% of urban Indians use them now, compared with 43% in 1995-96. However, a significant portion of these private practitioners may not be qualified or are under-qualified.
4. Fragmented health information systems: Like in most facets of life in modern India, getting quality, clean, up-to-date data is difficult in the health sector as well. This is despite the presence of many agencies ranging from NSSO to the Registrar General of India to disease-specific programme-based systems to survey malaria to HIV.
5. Weak governance and accountability: “In the past 5 years, the government has introduced several new laws to strengthen governance of the health system, but many of these laws have not been widely implemented,” said Lancet. In some instances, the “scope of (some) regulations is still unclear, and there are fears that these laws have hindered public health trials led by non-commercial entities”.

India’s Population Size and Distribution by Numbers:

1. India’s population as on March 2011 stood at 1,210.6 million, which account for 17.5 per cent of the world’s population.
2. These 1.21 billion people are unevenly distributed over our country’s vast area of 3.28 million square km, which accounts for 2.4 per cent of the world’s area.
3. The 2011 Census data reveal that Uttar Pradesh with a population size of 199 million is the most populous state of India. Uttar Pradesh accounts for about 16 per cent of the country’s population. On the other hand, the Himalayan state of Sikkim has a population of just about 0.6 million and Lakshadweep has only 64,429 people.
4. The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per sq km. Densities vary from 1,102 persons per sq km in Bihar to only 17 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh.

Dependency ratio is the ratio of children between the ages of 0 to 14 and above 65 years of age to the population aged between 15 to 64. It is higher in India than most countries in the world because of three factors, as follows:

1. Indian families have more children, on an average, than most countries.
2. The old parents in India live more often with their children in India than they do elsewhere in the world.
3. India's population is relatively higher in the lower age groups.

1. People have utilised resources and created the social and cultural environment. The people are important to develop the economy and society. They people make and use resources and are themselves resources with varying quality. For example coal is but a piece of rock, until people were able to invent technology to obtain it and make it a resource'.
2. Natural events like a river flood or Tsunami becomes a disaster' only when they affect a crowded village or a town.
3. It is the point of reference from which all other elements are observed and from which they derive significance and meaning.
4. 'Resources', 'calamitico' and 'disasters' are all meaningful only in relation to human beings. Their numbers, distribution, growth and characteristics or qualities provide the basic background for understanding and appreciating all aspects of the environment.

The following points may help you:

1. Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another. Internal migration happens within the country while international migration happens between countries.
2. Migration plays a very significant role in changing the composition and distribution of population.
3. Poverty, unemployment compel people to migrate to urban areas in search of better opportunities.
4. Also because of better health, education facilities, people migrate from rural to urban areas.
5. In India, the rural-urban migration has resulted in a steady increase in the percentage of population in cities and towns.

Migration has the following impact:

1. It allows person to explore better job, employment opportunities.
2. It helps a person to avail the best of health, education, housing and other facilities.
3. It connects urban way of life with rural.

However there are certain negative aspects of migration:

1. It may also have negative impact as people who are migrating at times become victims of racial oppression.
2. It may at times leads to conflict in the society. We may give example of sons of the soil theory.
3. It may put additional burden on the urban areas, cities to cater to the need of increased population.
4. It also leads to law and order problem.
5. People from rural areas, are then involved in unorganised sector as casual labourers.

Sex-ratio: It is defined as the dumber of females per 1000 males in the population. This information is an impoftant Soeial indicator to measure the extent of equality between males and females in a society at a given time.
Reasons for Unfavourable Sex-ratio for Females:

1. Preferential treatment is given to a male child and female children get neglected in most Indian homes.
2. The Infant mortality rate in India is high and female infant mortality rate is still higher.
3. People go through pre-natal sex determination test. In case of a girl child they abort the child.
4. Women generally have lower social, political and economic status in the Indian society. We find dowry deaths, opposition to widow remarriages and low nutritional levels in woman.
5. hack of social awareness programmes among people especially in rural areas.

Reasons for shift in the Occupational structure has been:

1. Growing urbanisation.
2. Increased industralisation.

Consequences of such a shift are:

1. It will lead to increased migration from rural to urban areas.
2. Demands for housing and other facilities will increase in the cities.
3. Need to further develop secondary and tertiary sectors.

Adolescents are generally grouped in the age-group of 10 to 19 years. They are the most important resource for the future. It constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India.Problems faced by adolescents are:

1. Adolescents usually do not feel comfortable in the family or parties, because their thought process and likes usually do not match with the other people, neither with the children nor with the adults.
2. Due to hormonal changes they get problems such as pimples and other biological changes, they become comfortable with their sexuality and develop intimacy.
3. Adolescents usually start feeling insecure. Insecurity in adolescents arises sometimes because they are not able to cope with the pressure of high performance.
4. They face this problem of establishing their own identity.
5. Many of them get into drinking habits, become rebellious.
6. Peer pressure and pressure of making their own mark and achieve something.
7. A large number of adolescents girls suffer from anaemia.

Yes health situation in India is still a cause of serious concerns because India's population is growing rapidly day by day so it is important to firstlly control population of country for that it is important to improving education level and then healths the status."Health situation" in India is still a cause of serious concern. This is because:

1. Lack of resources due to overpopulation.
2. Lack of proper hygienic conditions and sanitisation in most of the living areas of India, the slums accounting for the most of it.
3. Lack of concern and awareness on the individual and community level in certain areas of the country.
4. Lack of education among the workers that deal with handling and disposal of wastes, which are often hazardous.