Science [2 Mark Questions]

Male and female parents produce male gametes (Sperms) and egg cells (Ovum) respectively through a process of meiosis. It reduces the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA to half in gametes.
Such germ cells from two individuals, i.e., male and female parents are fused to form zygote. This ensures the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents in the progeny that develop from zygote.

No, we can't say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive on the basis of given information because information regarding cross between two traits, i.e., light colour with black eye colour is essential to determine it. In general population light coloured eyes are in much less proportion as compared to dark eyes. This indicates that it may be recessive trait.

Mendel's conducted, cross fertilisation between pure tall plant (TT) and pure short plant (tt) which resulted in all tall (Tt) plant in F₁ generation.
This shows that single copy of T is enough to make the plant tall. It shows that one trait which is expressed in the presence of its contrasting form. This is dominant trait and the other remains unexpressed in the presence of its contrasting form is recessive trait.

A child or offspring bears all basic features of its parents. These common basic features are referred to as similarities.
However, due to small inaccuaracies in DNA copying, child/offspring does not look exactly like its parents. Population of any species show variations either in small scale or large scale which are called differences.

The most obvious outcome of reproductive process is to maintain similar design of individuals generation after generation.
The rules of heredity determine the process by which traits and characteristics are transfered to next generation.

A section of DNA (nucleotide sequence) that provides information for the synthesis of a specific protein is called gene.

It is a distinguishing feature of a person's character.
In simple term, trait is the way in which the characters of an organism are expressed.

A process of transmission of characters generation after generation is called heredity. It is a process by which parental characters are transmitted to offsprings.