3 Marks Each

Question 13 Marks

Human Development Index is affected by which things around us?

Answer

Human development is a process of creating opportunities for fulfilling human aspirations and providing basic necessities of life-UNDP.

Earlier only per capita income was considered as the measure for human development but now quality of life has been given more importance.
There are four important pillars of human development equality, stability, production and empowerment.
Human Development Index affected by:
Ability of every person to lead a successful and creative life as per their own interest, taste, skill and intelligence.
Securing equality and getting an opportunity to choose a proper field of work and increase one's capabilities in it.
Living a healthy and long life.
Acquiring knowledge through information and education.
Getting opportunity of monetary benefit.
Availability of natural resources to improve one's standard of living.
Being able to live a qualitative life style
Removal of dirt and filth and improvement of health related conditions.
Obtaining personal and social security.
Utilizing Human right.
Obtaining individual and social security.
Human Rights are inherent to all human beings so use it.
Developing countries have not been able to achieve economic and social development due to challenges like illiteracy, social backwardness, unemployment, poverty and improper use of resources.

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Question 23 Marks

Explain women welfare scheme of Indian Government chronologically.

Answer

The United Nations declared $1975$ as 'Women's Year'.

It also declared the $1975-1985$ decade as 'Women's Decade'.
In India since $1980,$ many plans and programmes have been implemented for women's development.
The National Commission for Women was set up in $1992.$
The National Policy for Empowerment of Women was implemented in $2001.$
The year $2002$ was celebrated as 'Women Empowerment year' in India.
A Department for Women and Child Development has been set up.
The Property Act has been amended to give women equal right in family property.
The government has undertaken programmes like health, employment, income generation, welfare and security for women.

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Question 33 Marks

Human Development is related with which things of Human Life.

Answer

Human development is a process of creating opportunities for fulfilling human aspirations and providing basic necessities of life-UNDP.

Earlier only per capita income was considered as the measure for human development but now quality of life has been given more importance.
There are four important pillars of human development equality, stability, production and empowerment.
Human Development also means:
Ability of every person to lead a successful and creative life as per their own interest, taste, skill and intelligence.
Securing equality and getting an opportunity to choose a proper field of work and increase one's capabilities in it.
Living a healthy and long life.
Acquiring knowledge through information and education.
Getting opportunity of monetary benefit.
Availability of natural resources to improve one's standard of living.
Being able to live a qualitative life style.
Removal of dirt and filth and improvement of health related conditions.
Obtaining personal and social security.
Utilizing Human right.
Obtaining individual and social security.
Human Rights are inherent to all human beings so use it.
Thus, human development is related with creation and expansion of many such opportunities.

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Question 43 Marks

Describe the work done in the field of health improvement.

Answer

Health is an important and valuable asset.

It is essential to make one's family and social like great.
In developing countries like India more attention is focussed on population growth, common diseases, contagious diseases like $AIDS,$ malnutrition, handicaps and mental disorders.
Funds spent on health are not just expenditure for improving quality of life but also an investment into human resource development.
India has made lot of progress in the field of health.
Infant Mortality Rate has been reduced through vaccination programmes

$A.$ $OPV -$ for polio.
$B.$ $BCG$ vaccine - for tuberculosis.
$C.$ Hepatitis$-B$ to improve immune system against $AIDS$ and $HIV.$
$D.$ DPT for diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus.
$E.$ MMR for measles and mumps.
$F.$ Typhoid vaccine.

Campaign has been able started against deficiency of iodine, vitamins and iron.
Diseases like plague, small pox, leprosy have been eradicated.
Diseases like chicken pox, cancer, dengue, diabetes, hepatitis, heart disease, leprosy, measles, malaria, tuberculosis have been controlled substantially.
There has been a decline in birth rate, mortality rate and infant mortality rate.
Life expectancy rate is increased.

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Question 53 Marks

In what way are the women discriminated in India$?$

Answer

The Indian Constitution guarantees equality and justice to all the citizens.

According to $2011$ census there are $48.46\%$ females and $51.54\%$ males in India.
Women are an important human resource but due to biological differences, different upbringing, socio and cultural differences, women have not developed as men.
Even today many women are just involved in household chores, cooking or bringing up children.
They experience discrimination in family life, games, education, food and clothing.
They become victims of child marriage, purdah system, dowry system and many other social evils.
Girls become victims of female infanticide, are forced to have sons, are harassed and have little respect in society.
They suffer from inadequate health care, low literacy and are deprived of economic and educational rights..
They have no decision making power in the family and no earnings of their own.
In almost all jobs there is male dominance at higher post, men get better income at the same posts.
Their literacy rate is much lower than that of males.
There are hardly $12.2\%$ female Members of Parliament.
There is less number of women in the Legislative Assemblies also.
There are few women working at managerial post, directors of companies and in commercial and technical fields.

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Question 63 Marks

What are the schemes implemented by the Gujarat government for women's equality$?$ explain

Answer

Schemes and Programmes for equality of women and girls in Gujarat:

The following women's welfare schemes have been started by the Women and Child Development Department of Gujarat.

$1.$ Vidyalaxmi Bonds:

These bonds have been given to girls from villages with less than $35\%$ women literacy and from below poverty line families in urban areas.

$2.$ Saraswati Sadhna Yojna:

About one lakh fifty thousand girls have been given cycles free of cost.
The girls who go to study outside their village are given free travel facility by State Transport $(ST)$ buses.

$3.$ Sabla Yojna:

This programme provides nutritional food to adolescent girls and looks after the development of their skills.

$4.$ Women's Reservation:

There is 33% reservation for women in local self-government organizations like panchayat and. municipalities.
This has been increased from $33\%$ to $55\%.$

$5.$ Rastriya Swavlamban Yojna:

This has been implemented to provide pension to the workers and to poor old people including poor widows in the later part of their life.

$6.$ Mission Mangalam Yojna:

The government provides economic help to women through Sakhi Mandal to make them self-reliant.

$7.$ E-Mamta Programme:

This programme registers pregnant women through mobile technology and gives them 'Mamta card'.
This ensures regular health check-ups after birth of the child, health of mother and child is taken care of through vaccination programme.
This is done to reduce Mother Mortality Rate.

$8.$ Beti Bachchao Abhiyan:

Through this programme the gender discrimination is being checked and steps are taken to increase the number and education of the giri child.

$9.$ Chiranjivi Yojna:

This scheme provides pregnant women of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe with medicines, laboratory tests and operation facility free of cost.

$10.$ Entrance ceremony and Education Chariot Festival:

These programmes are done to increase the number of giri students and improve women's literacy.
However, the scenario is bad as many women and children don't get proper nutrition.
Many children are not able to read or write and many school dropouts.
Girls don't go for higher education.
Many young people are not able to get employment.
There are many deaths due to disease and accidents.
All these affect the Human Development Index of the country.
Therefore the people and the government have to work together to improve the index so that we are able to compete with developed countries.

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Question 73 Marks

What is "Abhayam Yojna"$?$ Explain.

Answer

For women security, $181$ Abhayam Women Helpline has been started in Gujarat for helping women suffering from various types of violence. They may also even get guidance for their progress, just by making a call.

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Question 83 Marks

Which schemes have been started by Gujarat, to give equality to women$?$ Explain.

Answer

$>$Since $1980,$ many plans and programmes related to women development in India have been implemented.
$>$ National Commission for Women was set up in $1992.$
$> $National Policy for empowerment of women$-2001$ was set up by Department of women and child development. They have undertaken programmes like strength building, employment, income generation, welfare and supportive services.
$>$ United Nations had declared $1975$ as "Women's Year" It also had declared the $1975-1985$ decade as "Women's Decade".
$> 2002$ was celebrated as "Women Empowerment year".
$>$ An Act has been amended to give them equal right in family property.
$>$ For women security, $181$ Abhayam Women Help line has been started in Gujarat for helping women suffering from various types of violence. They may also even get guidance for their problem, just by making a call.
$▷$ Women court have been set up so that poor women
get justice easily and women welfare centers have
been set up to solve social, legal and employment
related problems of women.
$>$ Government has become vigilant to provide
protection to women against physical, mental and
sexual exploitation.
$>$ By passing a law in the Parliament, working women has got protection against sexual harrasment in government offices, private, business or as maid.

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Question 93 Marks

Explain the Terms: $(1)$ Education Index $(EI)$ $(2)$ Birth Rate $(3)$ Human Development Index

Answer

$(1)$ Education Index $(EI):$ Its two sub-directions are as follows: $(i)$ Mean Years of Schooling $MYS.$ It is the years spent in the school by an adult till the age of $25,$ for which highest $13.3$ Years and lowest zero years has been decided. So according to human development report $2015,$ average of schooling in India is $5.4$ Years. $(ii)$ Expected Years of Schooling $(EYS):$ Approximate years that a child of $5$ years will spend in school. For this, highest $18$ Years and lowest zero years has been decided. Average years of schooling index is $11.7$ Years.
$(2)$ Birth Rate: Number of live birth per $1000$ in a given year is called Birth rate.
$(3)$ Human Development Index: Human Development Index is Published by UNDP in which three dimensions of Human Development Index is used collectively $(1)$ average age (Health) $(2)$ Knowledge $(3)$ Living standard (per capita income).

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Question 103 Marks

Describe the work done in the field of health improvement.

Answer

$>$The Human Development Index reflects deficiencies in the progress and distribution of human development. Nowadays, the thrust areas of human development are: $(1)$ Health $(2)$ Gender Equality and $(3)$ Gender Empowerment.
$>$ Health does not mean survival only. It concerns physical, mental, economic, and social well-being of an individual as well.
$>$ An investment in health not only improves the quality of life, but is also a part of human resource development. Which in turn affects various sectors of national economy.
$>$ India after independence has registered considerable growth in health sector.
$>$ A wide range of activities are covered under health, such as population control, prevention of food adulteration, drug control.
$>$ Diseases like measles, chicken pox, malaria, dengue, hepatitis, leprosy, tuberculosis, diabetes, cancer, heart diseases etc have been controlled substantially.
$>$ As a result man is leading long healthy life. Decline in birth rate, mortality rate, child mortality rate has been recorded. Life expectancy rate has increased. RA At many places in India population is undergoing a decrease which is good for health process.
$>$ Water borne diseases and malnutrition are increasing the health problems of our country.
$>$ Environmental pollution and poisonous gases are another challenge in our daily life.
$>$ Increasing urbanization, crowded habitats have created more problems for newly raised health facility.

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Question 113 Marks

State the various steps taken at Gujarat and India level to save women exploitation.

Answer

Gujarat government has started '$181$ Abhayam Women Helpline' for helping women to themselves from various forms of violence or similar problems.
Any women can access $181$ 'Abhayam' helpline for the purpose of counseling, guidance, informatica and also for the rescue in various threatening situations including domestic violence.
The government has also set-up women court so that poor women can get easy justice.
Several women welfare centers have been set up to solve social, legal and employment related problems of women.
Government has become strict to provide protection to women against physical, mental and sexa exploitation.
The government has passed a law in the Parliament under which working women have been given protection against sexual harassment that may take place in government or private office, in industry or while working as a maid.

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Question 123 Marks

Describe the work done in the field of health improvement. OR State efforts made by India to Improve health of its people.

Answer

India's efforts towards a healthy nation:

India makes constant effort to control and monitor its population growth, common diseases, målnutrition, handicapped, contagious diseases like Aids, mental disorder and matter related to it.
India has made considerable improvement in the child health and child death rate by running child vaccination programmes on a continuous basis.
To see that the children remain healthy, India provides vaccines such as $O.P.V. ($for polio$), B.C.G. ($for tuberculosis$)$ and other vaccines for $D.P.T. ($Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus$),$ measles, $M.M.R.,$ and hepatitis$-B,$ Typhoid.
India has also started campaign against deficiency of iodine, vitamin and iron.
Diseases like plague, small pox and leprosy no more exists in India.
India has been quite successful in controlling diseases like measles, chicken pox, malaria, der hepatitis, leprosy, tuberculosis, diabetes, cancer, heart diseases, etc.
Due to all these and many more efforts, today we are able to live a long and a healthy life.
India's mortality rate has declined and birth rate is getting controlled. Moreover, life expectancy rate has increased.

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Question 133 Marks

State the reasons responsible for Gender Inequality in India.

Answer

Several factors contribute to gender inequality in India. Patriarchal social norms are deeply ingrained, favoring men and boys over women and girls. This often results in a preference for sons, leading to issues like female feticide and infanticide. Economic disparities are also significant, with women often having limited access to education, job opportunities, and property rights. This makes them financially dependent and vulnerable. Lack of political representation and low participation in decision-making processes at various levels further marginalize women. Additionally, social evils such as dowry, child marriage, and domestic violence persist, reinforcing a subordinate status for women in many parts of the country. These issues are complex and interconnected, making them difficult to eradicate.

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Social Science 3 Marks Each

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