Social Science 2 Marks Each

Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Odisha, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, etc. are major centres of paper industry in India.

Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Ankleshwar, Bharuch etc. are major centres of chemical industry in Gujarat.

Limestone, coal, gypsum, bauxite, clay, etc. are the raw material used for making cement.

There are five major shipbuilding centres in India. Public sector shipbuilding industries at Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata, Kochi, Mumbai and Marmagao produce modern ships. Out of these, Kochi and Vishakhapatnam build large size ships.

Iron is one of the most important mineral of the modern world. So, iron and steel industry is the base of modem industries and economic development. It also falls in the category of basic industries on which machines, construction and other such industries develop. The process of making iron is very old in India.

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The jute industry earns a lot of foreign exchange for India but it is facing many problems today.

• The cost of production of jute and jute product has tremendously increased.
• There is stiff competition from international producers.
• Market for jute products has decreased due to use of synthetic substitutes.

The meaning of Environmental Degradation is as under:
>When various factors pollute land, air and water and reduce its quality, it is termed as Environmental Degradation. Such changes occur due to man-made reasons.
> Volcanoes, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, floods, cyclone, etc. are the natural causes of environmental degradation. Once the environment is degraded, the original state cannot be regained.

Steps to curb environmental degradation:

• Industries are the pillars of national economy. They should be developed to solve several problems of the country
• The country should develop the industries in such a way that industrial progress and development does not cause much harm to the environment.
• The amount of pollution and quality of pollution can be reduced with proper planning, methods and equipment
• Pollution can be also reduced by using correct raw material and fuel.
• The air pollution can be controlled by using filter, scrubber, precipitators, etc. in the factories.
• The water pollution can be prevented by releasing industrial effluents only after properly treating them. Moreover, industrial water can be purified after treatment and re-used.

• A place where a very large number of cotton mills exist and where people heavily depend on cotton textile is called Cottonopolis. This situation existed in Mumbai and so it is called as Cottonopolis of India.
• There was a time when Ahmedabad used to be leader in cotton textile. The city of Manchester in England also had the same growth of cotton textile during the 19th century. Hence, Ahmedabad was compared to Manchester and given the title of 'Manchester of East' or 'Manchester of India'. Moreover, Ahmedabad leads in the denim production in india. Hence, it is also called 'Denim city of India'.

The jute industry has developed in West Bengal because

• The alluvial deltic soil of the Hooghly is best for the growth of jute.
• The area also provides cheap labour, humid climate and facilities like banking and insurance.
• International trade can be carried out from the sea port of Haldia.
• The shortfall in jute can be met by importing it from Bangladesh.

Many cotton textile mills are found in Gujarat and Maharashtra because

• There is easy availability of raw material cotton.
• Both the states have hot-and humid climate which is useful for the industry.
• The states have a ready market for cotton products.
• Services like transport, banking and electricity are easily available.

The establishment of an industry depends on a. physical b. cultural factors.

• The physical factors include availability of raw materials, energy resources and water.
• The cultural factors include labour, market, transport facilities, capital, banking facilities and government policies.

The economic strength of a country is measured from the development of its industries:

• Since ancient times, industries are the centres of economic activities.
• The industries reduce dependence of people on agriculture by providing them continuous work.
• It helps to earn foreign exchange.
• It helps to improve agriculture by providing mechanized equipment.

The cotton textile industry faces tough competition today due to a combination of factors, including:
Competition from synthetic fibres: The rise of synthetic fabrics like nylon, polyester, and rayon, which are often cheaper, more durable, and easier to maintain, has reduced the demand for cotton textiles.
Outdated machinery and technology:Many Indian textile mills still use old and obsolete machinery, which results in lower productivity and a decrease in the quality of the finished products, making it difficult to compete with technologically advanced international mills.

Copper is used in electrical wiring, plumbing, and making coins. It is also used to make utensils, machinery, and decorative items because of its good conductivity and resistance to corrosion.