5 Marks Each

Question 15 Marks

Explain telemarketing and internet marketing.

Answer

Telemarketing:
Marketing of goods or services through telephone calls or promotion through demonstration of product as advertisements on television is called telemarketing.Types:
$(A)$ Telephonic marketing
$(B)$ Television marketing
$(A)$ Telephonic marketing:

A trade method where in potential customers are contacted through telephones and information and features about products is given and then sold is called telephonic marketing.
If the potential customers show interest on telephone, the telemarketers take – their appointment and visit them at decided time. They then explain the product in detail and try to sell.
This method is largely used for selling financial products like home loans, vehicle loan, insurance, credit cards, etc.
Telemarketing is advantageous to customers as they can meet the sales executives at their convenient time and place.
The products are demonstrated and sold directly by executives of companies i.e. without involving any middleman. Hence, they can sell the products cheaper and also offer discounts and schemes.

$(B)$ Television marketing:

The method of demonstrating features of products and providing their information on television to attract viewers and encourage them to buy the shown products is called trade through television marketing.
Telemarketers display their telephone numbers and website address on which customers can contact and place their orders. Products are then delivered at customer’s home.
Customers can make payment in two ways;
1. Pay in advance through credit/ debit card or
2. Pay cash to the person who delivers the product i.e. Cash on Delivery $(COD)$ method.
Products of home utilities and luxury such as mixer grinder, bed sheets, gym equipments, crockery, clothes, etc. are sold through television marketing. Television marketers sell their products directly to customers without having any wholesalers or retailers in between. Hence, customers get products at reasonable prices.

Internet marketing:

The process of marketing and selling products or services by promoting them on company’s websites, shopping websites like Amazon, Snapdeal, Flipkart, etc. or social networking websites like Facebook or by sending e-mails to prospective customers is called internet marketing.
Customers while browsing the internet come across such advertisements or promotions or purposely visit shopping sites, studies the features of the products, compares them with other products and on other websites and then place their orders.
Internet is a very large and effective way of marketing. Customers get products at cheaper prices compared to local markets because internet marketers do not bear expenses of shops and send the products directly to customer eliminating wholesalers and retailers. Customers also get after sales services such as product installation, demonstration, repair, replacement and refund, etc.
Payment is made either through credit/debit cards, internet banking or cash on delivery mode.

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Question 25 Marks

What is the chain store? Explain its characteristics.

Answer

Chain stores:

Chain stores or retail chain are very large retail shops that have branches at different areas, cities or even states.
All the stores are owned by a single person and have standardized trade practices. D-mart is one such example of chain stores.
Chain stores generally sell limited items falling in similar categories and which are essential for daily needs.
The exterior and interior lay-out of store, glow-sign boards, uniform of employees, etc. are same for all stores.

Characteristics:

Single owner: A chain store is owned by a single person.
Same exterior layout: The exterior designs and even interior lay-out of chain stores are similar. This helps customers to recognize and associate them easily with the store brand.
Trained employees: Employees of all chain stores are provided same training. They are trained on customer relationships, business objectives, etc. As a result the customers obtain same shopping experience in each outlet of chain store.
Centralized management: The management of all the stores is centralized i.e. handled from one location which is called its head office. For example, which new product to introduce, which to remove, discounts, policies, festive offers etc. is handled by the head office.
Common identification: All the outlets have same exterior and interior lay-out, way of putting sign boards, uniform for employees, etc. this develops a common identity for all stores. Whenever a customer sees an outlet of the chain store he develops familiarity and identifies and recognizes the store easily. This works as an advertisement and increases sales.

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Question 35 Marks

What is departmental store? Explain its characteristics.

Answer

Introduction:

Customers buy various products as per their requirements.
Mobile traders do not keep all products.
Moreover, they move ar different places.
So it is difficult to contact them.
In this circumstance it is easier and more comfortable to purchase from the traders who sell many things at a time.
It is desirable to purchase from fixed place.

Types of Fixed Shops of Retails Trading :

$(1)$ Departmental Store
$(2)$ Chain Stores
$(3)$ Mail Order Shops
$(4)$ Franchise
$(5)$ Super Market
$(6)$ Shopping Mall.

1. Departmental Store:
  - There are different departments selling goods in retail in one big store is called a departmental store.
  - It is managed and owned by a single organization.
  - Essential things and luxury items are sold here is retail.
    - Characteristics of a Departmental store :
      - Sale on Large Scales :
        
        Departmental Stores sell in large scale in retail.
      - Located in Urban Area :
        
        Departmental stores are generally found in urban areas.
      - Separate Department for Different Items :
        
        There are different departments for various items. E.g. medicine department, stationery department, ready-made garments department, crockery department etc.
      - Ownership and Management :
        
        Ownership and management of department stores are under one person.
      - Convenient to Customers :
        
        Facilities of entertainment, restaurant, Wi-Fi etc., are provided in departmental store.
      - Big Capital Investment :
        
        In departmental store retail sale of various items is carried out on large scale.
        
        All these departments are owned and administered centrally.
        
        It requires big amount of capital investment.
      - Training to Employees :
        
        Employees are given training to become modest salesmen and to increase sales. They are trained to behave well with customers.
      - Guidance :
        
        Employees welcome customer in departmental store and show them the items they sell.
        
        They provide required suggestion and become helpful in decisions of selection.
      - More Expensive :
        
        Infrastructure of departmental store in quite expensive.
        
        It is expensive to maintain all departments.
2. Chain Store :
  - “Chain stores means the stores that are sun by the owner selling only limited items of the same quality at various branches”.
  - The external layout of all stores is the same e.g. the stores of Bata SHOES Company, Parlours of the Havrmor Ice-Cream, Vadilal Ice-Cream, Parlours of Honest Bhaji-Pav etc.
    - Characteristics of a Chain Store :
      - Stores of single owner :
        
        Ownership of chain stores is of one person only.
      - Centralized Management :
        
        All stores are managed by main central office.
      - Same decoration :
        
        Outward decoration and show of chain stores is the same.
      - Common Identification :
        
        Dress code of employees, same decoration establish identity of store.
      - Training to Employees :
        
        All employees are given training of business policy, and behavior to bring uniformity among them.
      - Uniform Policy :
        
        In chain stores price, policy of business, sales policy and after sales services given to the customers are found uniformed.
      - Centralized Advertisement :
        
        Advertisement for each chain store is carried out by head office.
      - Cash Sale :
        
        In all chain stores mostly products are sold on cash.
3. Mail Order Shops :
  - A mail order shop means a shop selling useful essentials to the far off places by post and realizing money by post.
  - These shops send price list to their customers and receive orders from them.
  - These shops mostly sell light weight, small sized valuable articles.
  - They supply articles to all class of people at the door steps.
  - It requires no showroom. Direct contact with customers too is not required.
  - It does not require much capital investment.
4. Franchise Shops :
  - When a special right is given by signing a contract with a businessman for selling or manufacturing its branded products under its own name, it is known as franchise.
  - The original company has given franchise right to the businessman and the shop of this business man is known as franchise shop.
  - The decoration of the shop, sign board, furniture, color are the same as the parent company.
  - Sometimes for manufacturing of product franchise is given.
  - In such cases raw-material is provided by parent company.
  - Constant supervision of the parent company provides guidance to maintain quality.
  - The parent company recovers royalty at the rate fixed in the contract against allowing to use its trade mark or brand.
  - Parent company imparts training to the employees of franchise receiver company.
  - Franchise receiver does have to spend for advertisement also.
  - Normally some centers such as NUT, APTECH, some restaurants like. Pizza Hut etc., provide products and services to customers.
5. Super Market :
  - Products are purchased from pr;;giousmanufacturers and sell them at reasonable price in Super Market. The size of such shopsare quite big and large. Products are sold at quite reasonable rates. For growth of sale, various scemes are implemented which attract small shopkeepers e.g. Buy 2 get 1 Free.
6. Shopping Mall :
  - Shopping malls are developed due to change in Departmental Stores.
  - They are spread in wider space than Super Market.
  - The building of shopping mall is absolutely modern.
  - There are many shops owned by more than one owner selling essential products.
  - Luxury products are available. Branded items are sold at one place.
  - It is called Shopping Mall. Various products of different brands are sold here.
  - Same articles of different brands are available here.
  - There is competition among same product of different brands.
  - Various schemes are used even in shopping malls to attract customers so that sale may grow.
  - In modem shopping malls restaurants, entertainment for children, multiplex theatre, Wi-Fi etc. facilities are provided to customers.

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Question 45 Marks

Explain the advantages and limitations of retail trade.

Answer

Advantages of retail trade:
1. Options of selection:
A retailer keeps and sells products of several producers. Hence, customers get several options to choose from.

2. Home delivery of goods:
Some retailers provide their customers the facility of delivering the purchased goods at their homes even if the customers order on phone. This help customers to save their time and effort.

3. Redressal of customer complaints:

Retailers are in direct contact with customers. If customers have any complaints regarding a product then they complain to retailers.
Retailers pass these complains to wholesalers and wholesalers pass them to producers and solve the complains quickly.

4. Selling goods on credit:
Frequent customers develop good rapport with retailers. So, retailers also provide credit or even installment facility to such few customers based on their rapport with retailer and economic condition.

5. After sales service:
Retailers provide after sales services such as assisting in installation, repair, exchanging faulty products or taking them back, etc.

6. Helps customers to make purchase decision:
Retailers provide customers information on utility, features, quality, price, etc. of the products. Their explanation and selling skills helps the customer make decision about buying a product.

7. Freedom from storage:
Retailers provide goods to customer as and when they need. This helps customers to free themselves from unnecessarily stocking products.

8. Guidance to customers:

Retailers guide the customers in various ways. They guide them about the changes likely to occur in near future, new products and schemes about to be issued by producers, guide them about supply or demand of a product, price rise that it may witness, etc.
Correct guidance can help the customer to choose a right product at a right time.

Limitations of retail trade:
1. More capital investment:
Customers of different taste, preference and economic condition come to retailers. Hence, retailers need to keep a variety of products to cater their needs. As a result, retailer needs more capital investment.

2. Risk of deterioration of perishable goods:
Perishable goods like milk and milk products, fruits and vegetables, etc. perish very fast. If a retailer is unable to sell them on time they perish and the retailer has to bear the loss.

3. Risk of goods getting outdated:
The market trend changes with changes in technology, customer’s taste, fashion, etc. For example, people now mostly prefer smart phones over regular mobile phones. In such situations a retailer need to sell old unsold outdated stock at cheaper prices to recover his investment.

4. Risk of loss, shortage or fluctuations of price:
At times goods may get damaged at retailer’s shop, or their prices may fall or increase, or their supply would be less compared to their demand. All such situations cause loss to retailer.

5. Bias:
Sometimes a retailer may have some bias for a particular producer or his product. For example, he may not be happy with the commission he gets on the product or he may dislike the product personally. Owing to these reasons he may be bias towards them and not promote their sales.

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Question 55 Marks

Give the meaning of retail trade and explain the services of retailer to wholesaler and producer.

Answer

Introduction:

Retail traders supply goods to number of customers in various area of the city. This activity has created their significance in the world of commerce. It is not possible for manufacturers and wholesaler to have direct contact with number of customers. The retailers come in direct contact with customers. That is why they have significant value in commerce.

Meaning of Retail Trader :

The business in which either from manufacturer or from wholesaler goods are purchased either in small or in bulk and are sold to the customers as per their requirement is called retail trade.
Those who are engaged in this type of business are called 'Retail Traders'.
The retailers are in direct contact with customers.
So they are aware of customers' needs, requirement, fashion, taste etc.
He provides all this information’s to the wholesaler and attempts to satisfy his customers.
Retail traders are considered link between customers and wholesale traders

Services of Retailers to Wholesalers and Manufacturers :

Provide information regarding market :

1. - Retailers are in contact with customers.
  - They know their taste, needs, selection, purchase habits etc.
  - All this information they provide to the wholesaler, and indirectly provides it to the manufacturer.
  - The manufacturer alters their product on this basis.

Helpful in Advertisement :

1. - Retailers put the boards of the advertisement of Producers, Pamphlets, and Samples to their shop and help them to advertise their products.

Increase in Creditability :

1. - Retailers purchase good quality products from wholesalers or manufacturers and provide them to the customers at reasonable price.
  - Their creditability increases.

Payment in Advance :
When there is shortage of product. Retailer pays advance while placing an order with the wholesaler.
As a result, the wholesaler does not feel financial crisis and the retailer feels assured of getting goods.

Conclusion :

Retail traders can win prestige in their area by selling quality products at reasonable price.
Many people prefer retailing from the view point of self-employment.

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Question 65 Marks

Explain the meaning of Wholesale Trade and state Wholesaler's Services to producer.

Answer

Introduction:

Most of the manufacturers prefer wholesaler’s services to sell their products because wholesalers purchase products in bulk and products are sold very fast and cash inflow also is very quick.
Moreover, sometimes they pay in advance so that manufacturers can maintain continuity of productions process.

The Meaning of Wholesale Trade :

The trade in which products are purchased in bulk from the manufactures is called Wholesale trade.
The one who is doing this type of trading activity is called wholesale trader.
Thus, wholesaler is a link between manufacturer and retailer.

Services of Wholesaler

Services of Wholesaler to producer

1. - Order in bulk :
    - Wholesaler brings small orders from num retailers and places big order to manufacturer.
  - Information of market :
    - A wholesaler is connected with many retailers.
    - They have good information regarding demand, interest, taste, fashion, pattern, design, style, complaints, and suggestions of customer.
    - The wholesaler informs the manufacturer in this issue. As a result the manufacturer is well aware of the situation of market and according to which.
    - He makes changes in product and at times changes sales policy as and when required.
  - Freedom from Storage of goods :
    - As the wholesaler purchases all the products. then' is no tension of storing goods in warehouses or go downs.
  - No tension of selling goods :
    - Wholesaler purchases products from the producer in bulk_ Producer has no tension of selling goods in small quantity or unsold goods.
  - Freedom from the Risks :
    - The wholesaler purchases the goods from producer and stores it in his go down. So the manufacturer has not to undertake risk of shortage in goods. wastage or damage or destruction of goods.
  - Relief in Capital :
    - Wholesaler sometimes pays advance to the producer. As a result, the producer does not have to manage fund. He has capital on hand.

Services of Wholesaler to Retailer :

1. - Delivery of goods as per Requirement :
    - The wholesalers supply goods to retailers as and when they need, so the retailers do not have to store goods.
  - Goods on Credit :
    - Retailers can perform activity even with less capital because looking to the credit of retailer the wholesaler supplies them goods on credit.
  - Guideline to Retailers :
    - The wholesaler guides retailers regarding the price of goods, its uses, and its sale. The retailers have the advantage of wholesaler's knowledge and experience.
  - Freedom from Risk :
    - Wholesaler purchases good in bulk from the manufacturer and stores in his go down. Shortage in goods, wastage, rise and fall in the price of goods etc., are not the tension of the retailer. Retailer does not undergo with any risk.
  - Decrease in the expense of Advertisement :
    - Wholesaler advertises the products purchased from the wholesaler and implements the scheme of sale promotion, the benefit of which is obtained by retailers also. The retailer does not have to spend more on advertisement.
  - Redressed of Complaints :
    - The wholesaler advertises the products purchased from the manufacturer.
    - He forwards complaints received from retailers to the manufacturer and genuinely helps to solve the complaints.
Conclusion :

Retailers can perform business activities very smoothly due to various services provided to them by wholesalers.
They supply goods to the retailers at proper time.
They are helpful in maintaining the price of the product.
As a result, opportunity of self-employment increases in society.

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Question 75 Marks

Explain other various modern methods of retail sale.

Answer

Introduction:

Automatic vending machines are widely used in foreign countries.
It is not such used in our country.
Sale through vending machines is quite common in the western countries.
Its beginning is observed at some places.
Moreover, internet marketing and tele marketing are developing very fast.
Customers today have turned to on-line shopping to save time.
They prefer to $10$ get things sitting at home, without having visited any shop.

Other Modern Methods for Retail Sale : They are as under

$(1)$ Automatic Vending Machines. $(2)$ Tele Marketing $(3)$ Internet Marketing
$(1)$ Automatic Vending Machine :

1. - In this type of machine, well in advance supply is inserted to get it e.g. Cold Drink, Ice-Cream, Coffee, Newspapers, etc.
  - As per instruction, customer inserts currency coin in the slot and required quantity comes out.
  - The customer takes it. This type of vending machines are found in Shopping Mall, Airport, Railway station, Theatres etc., public places.
  - This type of machine was invested by a mathematician and engineer Alexandria Hero.
  - These machines are completely automatic. It saves time and money.
  - Salesman is not required. There is no question of training to the salesman.
  - These machines are active $24 \times 7$ at public places. Quantity and quality of the product is ensured.
2. Tele Marketing :
  - There are two types of tele marketing.

$(A)$ Telephonic Marketing
$(B)$ Television Marketing.
$(A)$ Telephonic Marketing :

1. - - In this method, customers are approached through telephone or mobile and they are informed regarding product or services.
    - Customer is visited at his convenient time and demonstration of the product is showed. Sufficient information is provided.
    - This system is called telephonic marketing.
    - Generally this method is used for insurance, credit card, loan-borrowing etc.
    - Customers get required products at reasonable price. customers plan appointment with the seller and saves time.

(B) Television Marketing

1. - - Under this method, product is showed on $T.V..$ Screen.
    - Complete information is provided to attract customers.
    - Phone number or the name of the website is given to customers for product or service. Interested customers place on the order and payment is made through credit card or debit card.
    - Payment can be made in advance or against delivery at doorstep.
    - In the current time, stainless steel utensils, home appliances, mixer grinder, bed sheets, blanket, instruments of exercise, Ayurvedic medicine etc. are sold under this method.
    - As there is no middle party, customers get articles at reasonable price at their doorstep. It saves time.
2. Internet Marketing :
  - Producer who wants to sell his products, advertises his products through various media of internet such as e-mail, portal, browser, and ones own website like snapdeal, amazon.com, flipkart etc
  - Customers compare products with other competitive products and finally decides which product to buy. They place an order through internet.
  - Payment is made on-line or cash on delivery. This method requires neither show room nor middle man. Customer gets articles at cheaper price than local traders.
  - After sale service too is provided. The number of people using internet is increasing day by day in our country.
  - Along with it the spread of on-line shopping is increasing very fast in our country.
Conclusion :

Number of Shopping Malls, Super Market, Internet Marketing etc., are increasing for retail sale. Yet retail stores in various areas do exist. The main reason is that these stores are very close to residence and they sell goods on credit to the customers.

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Question 85 Marks

Show the classification of Trading Activities.

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Question 95 Marks

Explain the meaning and characteristics of internal trade in brief.

Answer

Introduction:

In any country, in its various agricultural areas different agricultural products grow due to variation in climate, rain, quality of soil.
These products are required by all people of the country.
This has led to buying and selling of products among the people of different areas.
This is called internal trade. Trading of these products has become inevitable.

What is Internal Trade ? :

Trade carried out within the boundary of the country is called internal trade.
In internal trading, currency, standards of measurements and weight, business practice and the laws concerned are the same.
Goods are easily and quickly transported in internal trade.

Characteristics of Internal Trade : They are as under :

Business carried out within the boundary of the country :

1. - Internal trade is carried on within the boundary of the country between the people residing nearby or at distant places. It is called internal trade.

Same weight and measurement :

1. - Internal trade is carried out within the country so measurement and weight are the same.

Easy transportations :

1. - In internal trade boundary of the country is not be crossed. So it is very easy to transport goods.

Same Currency :

1. - Internal trade is carried out in the country. There is only uniform currency within the country in every state and region. e.g. In India payment is made in rupee, in $U.S.$ in dollar and in $U.K.$ in pound.

Less Risk :

1. - There is less risk of damage to goods or loss of goods in internal trade.

Direct Contact with parties :

1. - Purchaser and seller are in the same country. It is easy to have contact with each other.
Conclusion :

As internal business is carried out in the country the laws of the concerned country affect trade. Sometimes excise has to be paid to enter another state as per its norms though the country is the same.

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Question 105 Marks

Give brief information about type of mobile shops of retail trade.

Answer

Introduction:

In our country who do not have competency to invest sufficient capital for business, prefer the concept of mobile shops for retail trade.
In this type of retail trade capital investment is less but it demands much hard work.

Types of mobile shops of Retail Trader:

$(1)$ Hawkers $(2)$ Temporary Traders (Peddlers) $(3)$ Fixed day Traders $(4)$ Street Venders.

1. Hawkers :
  - Hawkers sell their goods at various places such as Bus-stop, Railway Station, Public Park and Gardens, other public places.
  - They sell things like toys, newspaper, vegetables, fruits, cutlery etc.
  - They sell goods is residential areas.
  - They keep big basket on their heads, they pull cart and move in residential areas.
  - They sell vegetables, puffed rice, Gram, bangles etc.
  - They sell at lower price than shops because their cost and expenses are low
2. Temporary Trades of Peddlers :
  - This type of traders sells products on specific festivals, or occasions or seasons.
  - E.g. traders selling goods in a fair, selling umbrella and raincoat in Monsoon, woolen clothes in winter etc.
  - They are called temporary traded.
3. Fixed Days Traders :
  - In some villages and in some towns on fixed day at fixed place market is set up and various types of gods are sold e.g. on every Sunday under Ellis bridge in Ahmedabad market is set up. It is known as ‘gujari’.
  - Retail trades provide after sale service to their customers.
  - They provide service like repairing.
4. Street vendors :
  - Some vendors sit on the foot path of the road or at the end of the road and sell daily consumable things like fruits, vegetables etc. are called street vendors. The residents of street or society buy from them.
Conclusion :

It is convenient for customers to buy from mobile traders.
It saves their time and money.
They sell at lower price than shop keepers.

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Question 115 Marks

Show the difference between departmental stores and chain stores.

Answer

No.	Points	Departmental Stores	Chain Stores
$1.$	Objective	To supply all goods at one place.	Required products are supplied to customer’s residential area.
$2.$	Capital	More capital required.	Less capital required
$3.$	Sales Arrangement	Sales at the same place in different.	Branches at various places for sales.
$4.$	Risk	More risk as all goods are at one place.	Less risk as goods are sold at various places.
$5.$	Advertisement	It is done in local area.	It is done in big areas.
$6.$	Commodity	All products are sold here.	One or two varieties are sold.

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Question 125 Marks

State the difference between Retailer and Wholesaler.

Answer

No.	Points of Difference	Retailer	Wholesaler
$1.$	Objective	Sales to consumer and profit objective.	Purchase for re-sale and profit objective.
$2.$	Party	Purchase from a wholesaler and sells to customers.	Purchases from a producer and sells to retailers.
$3.$	Capital investment	Less investment in business.	More capital invested in business.
$4.$	Purchase / sell	Purchase in small quantity and sells as per need	Purchase in lots and sells in small quantities.
$5.$	Varieties of products	Numerable varieties of items.	One or two lenities varieties.
$6.$	Place of activity	In the area of customers.	In large business centers.
$7.$	Number of Traders	More in number.	Less in number.
$8.$	Link	Link between a wholesaler and he customer.	Link between a producer and retailers.

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Question 135 Marks

State the benefits of retail trade.

Answer

Introduction:

Retail traders perform retail activity to earn their livelihood.
On the other hand, they are too much helpful to number of customers by supplying the things of their requirement and thereby to maintain their living standard.
If there had been no retailers. Customers would have to approach wholesalers or producers which are no way practical and possible.
There is no doubt that retailer plays vital role in the world of commerce.

Benefits / Importance of Retail Trade : They are as below

Home Delivery of goods :

1. - It saves the time because the retailers supply goods as per order placed by the customers at their door step.

Opportunity of selection :

1. - Retail traders keep products of various types in their shops. This offers customers wide range of selection e.g. toothpaste. The retailer keeps the toothpaste of Colgate, President, Close-up, Vico Vajradanti, Patanjali, Amar etc.

After sales services :

1. - The retailer providers after sales service to the customers after the goods are sold. e.g. repairing, to exchange damaged goods, delivery of goods, gift Packing, method of operation, fitting etc.

Re-dressal of customer's complaints :

1. - The retailers are in direct contact with to solve customers.
  - They send their complaints to the wholesalers or manufacturers and helps their complaints soon.

Sale on Credit :

1. - Retailers know the customers of their area.
  - They are well informed about their situation.
  - Considering their situation and as per their requirement they supply goods on credit.

No Storage :

1. - Customers do not store goods because retailer provides the products they need as per their requirement.

Helpful in Purchase decision :

1. - Retailers give complete information to the customers regarding quality, utility, price, benefit of the product.
  - They help the customers to take decisions regarding the product.

Information regarding future :

1. - Retailers guide customers about current supply of the product, rise in price of the product and the new products going to be entering in the market in future.
  - They inform them about fake goods also.

No Possibility of Fraud :

1. - Customers of nearby area come to retailer. As he has personal relations with them they do not cheat customers regarding product and price. Frauds spoil their reputation.
Conclusion :

Looking to customer- oriented activities and services of retailers it is clear that though big shopping malls and super markets have come into existence, the importance and need for retail trade is maintained.

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