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Question 13 Marks
A fair coin is tossed four times, and a person win Re $1$ for each head, and lose Rs. $1.50$ for each tail that turns up. Form the sample space, calculate how many different amounts of money he can have after four tosses and the probability of having each of these amounts.
Answer
Here a coin is tossed four times. So number of elements in the sample space (S) will be $2^4 = 16$. n(S) = 16.
The sample space,
S = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, HTTH, HTHT, HHTT, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH, TTHH, TTTH, TTHT, THTT, TTTT}
Amounts:
(i) When 4 heads turns up = Rs( 1 + 1+ 1 + 1)= Rs. 4. i.e.,Person wins Rs. 4
(ii)When 3 heads and 1 tail turns up = Rs(1+ 1+1 –1.50 =Rs. 1.50. i.e.,Person wins Rs. 1.50
(iii) When2 heads and 2 tails turns up = Rs(1 + 1– 1.50– 1.50) =– Rs. 1. i.e., Person losesRs. 1
(iv) When1 head and 3 tails turns up = Rs(1– 1.50– 1.50– 1.50 )=– Rs 3.50. i.e., Person losesRs. 3.50
(v) When4 tails turns up= Rs(– 1.50– 1.50– 1.50– 1.50) =– Rs 6. i.e., Person loses Rs. 6
Let the events for which the person wins Rs 4, wins Rs 1.50, loses Re1, loses Rs 3.50 and loses Rs 6
be denoted by $E_1, E_2, E_3, E_4$ and $E_5$.
i.e., $E_1 = {HHHH},$
$E_2 = {HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH} $
$E_3={HHTT,HTHT,HTTH,THTH,THHT,TTHH}$
$E_4 = {HTTT, TTTH, THTT, TTHT}, $
$E_5 = {TTTT}$
Here, $n(E_1) = 1, n(E_2) = 4, n(E_3) = 6, n(E_4) = 4$ and $n(E_5) = 1$.
Hence,$\style{font-size:26px}{P(E_1)=\frac{n({E_1)}}{n(S)}=\frac1{16}}$,$\style{font-size:26px}{P(E_2)=\frac{n({E_2)}}{n(S)}=\frac4{16}=\frac14}$
$\style{font-size:26px}{P(E_3)=\frac{n({E_3)}}{n(S)}=\frac6{16}=\frac38}$
$\style{font-size:26px}{P(E_4)=\frac{n({E_4)}}{n(S)}=\frac4{16}=\frac14}$
and $\style{font-size:26px}{P(E_5)=\frac{n({E_5)}}{n(S)}=\frac1{16}=\frac1{16}}$
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Question 23 Marks
In a class of 60 students, 30 opted for NCC, 32 opted for NSS and 24 opted for both NCC and NSS. If one of these students is selected at random, find the probability that
  1. The student opted for NCC or NSS
  2. The student has opted neither NCC nor NSS
  3. The student has opted NSS but not NCC
Answer
Here total number of students n(S) = 60
Let A be the event that students opted for NCC and B be the event that the students opted for NSS.
Then, n(A) = 30, n(B) = 32 and $n(A \cap B) = 24$
Thus $P(A) = \frac{{n(A)}}{{n(S)}} = \frac{{30}}{{60}} = \frac{1}{2}$
$P(B) = \frac{{n(B)}}{{n(S)}} = \frac{{32}}{{60}} = \frac{8}{{15}}$
$P(A \cap B) = \frac{{n(A \cap B)}}{{n(S)}} = \frac{{24}}{{60}} = \frac{2}{5}$
We know that $P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)$
  1. P (Student opted for NCC or NSS)
    $= \frac{1}{2} + \frac{8}{{15}} - \frac{2}{5} = \frac{{15 + 16 - 12}}{{30}} = \frac{{19}}{{30}}$
  2. P (Student has opted neither for NCC nor NSS)
    =$\style{font-size:24px}{P(A'\cap B')}$=$\style{font-size:24px}{P(A\cup B)'=1-P(A\cup B)}$ [By De Morgan's law, $\style{font-size:24px}{(A'\cap B')=(A\cup B)'}$]
    $ = 1 - \frac{{19}}{{30}} = \frac{{11}}{{30}}$
  3. Number of students who opted for NSS but not for NCC
    = (number of students opted for NSS) – (number of students opted for both NCC and NSS)
    = $\style{font-size:24px}{n(B)\;-\;n(A\cap B)=32-24=8}$
    $\style{font-size:24px}\therefore$ P (Selected student has opted for NSS but not for NCC)
    =$\style{font-size:28px}{\frac{number\;of\;student\;opted\;for\;NSS\;but\;not\;for\;NCC}{Total\;number\;of\;students}}$ = $\style{font-size:28px}{\frac8{60}=\frac2{15}}$
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Question 33 Marks
A and B are events such that P(A) = 0.42, P(B) = 0.48 and P(A and B) = 0.16. Determine
(i) P (not A) (ii) P (not B) and (iii) P (A or B)
Answer
Given,P(A) = 0.42, P(B) = 0.48 and P(A and B) =$\style{font-size:28px}{P(A\cap B)=0.16}$
(i) Now, P (not A)$\style{font-size:28px}{=P(\;\overline A\;)=1-P(A)=1-0.42=0.58}$
(ii) Now, P (not B) $\style{font-size:28px}{=P(\;\overline B\;)=1-P(B)=1-0.48=0.52}$
= 1 - 0.48 = 0.52
(iii) Now,P(A or B) =$\style{font-size:28px}{P(A\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\cap B)}$

$=0.42+0.48-0.16=0.74$

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Question 43 Marks
A letter is chosen at random from the word ASSASSINATION find the probability that letter is a consonant.
Answer
In the word ASSASSINATION there are 6 vowels and 7 consonants.
Total 13 letters are there. So, total number of outcomes =13
Out of 7 consonants, 1 consonant can be selected in 7 ways.
So, total number of favourable outcomes = 7
$\therefore$ P( 1 consonant selected) $=\frac 7{13}$
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Question 53 Marks
A letter is chosen at random from the word ASSASSINATION find the probability that letter is a vowel.
Answer
There are 13 letters in the word ASSASSINATION of which 6 are vowels and 7 are consonants.
In all there are 13 letters. So, total possible outcomes = 13
Out of 6 vowels, 1 vowel can be selected in 6 ways.
So, number of favourable outcomes = 6
$\therefore$ P( 1 vowel selected) $=\frac 6{13}$
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Question 63 Marks
If A, B, C are three events associated with a random experiment, prove that
$P(A\cup B\cup C) = P(A) + P(B) +P(C) - P(A\cap B) - P(A\cap C) - P(B\cap C) + P(A\cap B\cap C)$
Answer
Consider E = $B \cup C$.
So P ($A \cup B \cup C$) = P ($A ∪ E$)
= P(A) + P(E) - $P(A\cap E)$ ..................(1)
Now P(E) = $P(B\cup C)$ .......................(2)
Also $(A\cap E) = A\cap (B\cup C) = (A\cap B)\cup (A\cap C)$ [using distribution property of intersection of sets over the union].
Writing them as probability,
$P(A\cap E) = P(A\cap B) (A\cup C) - P[(A\cap B)\cap (A\cap C)]$
$P(A\cap B) + P(A\cap C) - P[A\cap B\cap C]$..........................(3)
using (2) and (3) in (1), we get
$P[A\cup B\cup C] = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(B\cap C)- P(A\cap B) - P(A\cap C) + P(A\cap B\cap C)$
Hence Proved.

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Question 73 Marks
Find the probability that when a hand of $7$ cards is drawn from a well shuffled deck of $52$ cards, it contains
  1. all Kings
  2. $3$ Kings
  3. at least $3$ Kings
Answer
Total number of possible hands=Total number of outcomes = $^{52}C_7$
  1. Number of hands with $4$ Kings = $^4C_4\; \times \;^{48}C_3$ (as there are $4$ kings and other $3$ cards must be chosen from the rest $48$ cards)
    Hence P (a hand will have $4$ Kings) = $\frac {^4C_4\; \times \;^{48}C_3}{^{52}C_7} = \frac 1{7735}$
  2. Number of hands with 3 Kings and 4 non-King cards = $^4C_3\; \times \;^{48}C_4$
    Therefore P (3 Kings) = $\frac {^4C_3\; \times \;^{48}C_4}{^{52}C_7} = \frac 9{1547}$ (as 3 cards out of 4 kings and other 4 cards must be chosen from the rest 48 cards)
  3. P(at least 3 King) = P(3 Kings or 4 Kings)
    = P(3 Kings) + P(4 Kings)
    $= \frac 9{1547}+ \frac 1{7735} = \frac {46}{7735}$
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