5 Marks Each

Question 15 Marks

Explain in detail the methods to control population.

Answer

$1.$ Introduction:

During first two decades of planning in India for the solution of the problem of population family planning policy was adopted.
As it could not succeed and population being explosive in $1976,$ population policy was considered integral part of national policy.
In this contexts efforts were made for population control and policy of $2000$ was determined.
Specific targets are given.
They are:-

$(1)$ To obtain $0\ ($zero$)$ population growth rate by $2045.$
$(2)$ Infant mortality rate be reduced to $30$ per $1000$ living infants.
$(3)$ To reduce mother mortality rate per $100000$ alive children to $100.$
$(4)$ By $2010$ birth rate to be reduced to $21$ per $1000$ population.
$(5)$ Fertility rate to be reduced to $2.$

The following remedies should be carried out to control population.

$2.$ Measures $($Remedies$)$ to Control Population:
$(1)$ Public Education and Awareness:

Public education and awareness are inevitable so that people accept the importance of small size family and bring down birth rate.
Specially, women's education which affects birth rate should be given more importance and efforts should be made to bring awareness in public regarding this matter.
For this purpose various means of communication like Radio, $TV,$ Theatres etc. should be used.
Advertisement of small size family should be put before public through $TV,$ Radio, Newspapers, Banners, Hoardings to bring awareness.
Even in schools and colleges programs related to population education should be organized.
Lectures of eminent persons, play, mono acting, mine, street play songs etc. can bring public and social awareness.
One economist has truly said, "Education is the best instrument of population control."
In population policy of India in $2000,$ the following are declared in the contexts of population policy.

$(1)$ To emphasize women’s education.
$(2)$ Compulsory and free primary education up to the age of $14$ years.
$(2)$ Effectiveness of the programmes of family planning:

Public awareness and education are important for population control.
At the same time make the programmes of family planning effective and successful contraceptives should be available at affordable price.
Simple contraceptives should be provided so that couple can use it.
Till this date the programme of sterilization was emphasized but since the policy of $2000,$ its importance is reduced and to prevent uncertain pregnancy safe methods such as oral tablets, 'Nirodh' etc. are emphasized.

$(3)$ Increase in the age of marriage and status of women:

Age of marriage for women is raised so that the span of attaining motherhood is reduced.
At present the age of marriage is $18$ years for female and as per $2000$ population policy is raised to $20$ years.
If possible encouragement is likely to be given.
Special encouragement should be given to a female who marries after the age of $21$ years and after giving birth to two children, implement family planning.
Accepting the importance of female in society if they are considered equal to males and equal opportunities are avail to them in education and employment , then the size of the family can be reduced because educated and employed female always prefer small family to build her career.

$(4)$ Encouragement and Discouragement:

In a democratic country like India encouragement and discouragement for the programme of family planning offered by the government plays vital role in family planning and reduction in population growth.
The government of India has adopted many measures in this direction. E.g. the couple who has undergone sterilization is given financial encouragement.
Priority should be given in service and housing to the male who marries after the age of $25$ years a female after $21$ years and gives surety of not giving birth to more than two children to popularize the programme of "one couple one child."
More grant should be given to encourage female education.
Discouragement should be adopted like China to prevent increasing population.
Once China had withdrawn all important facilities from the couples having two children.
Some relaxations were given after sometime. India also can frame this type of law to control the growth rate of population.
As China is a communist country it can do but India can't because it is a democratic country.
Actually this type of laws are difficult as it affects election and thereby politics.
Discrimination is the way to encourage family planning.
Incentives are given to those who have adopted family planning and no incentives are given to those who have not adopted family planning.
Government can show discrimination in policy.

$(5)$ Increase in medical services and its effectiveness:

During planning death rate and infant mortality rate have fallen still it is higher compare to other developed and advanced countries.
Certain steps should be taken to reduce it.

$(1)$ Increase the facilities with the help of science regarding fertility and child health 80%0f delivery should be conducted by trained staff in the hospitals or regular dispensaries.
$(2)$ Vaccination programme should be made universal and effective.
By various vaccines immunity against disease be created to bring down infant mortality rate.
$(3)$ To bring awareness in people regarding infectious diseases and sex related diseases.
$(4)$ Increase information regarding $AIDS.$
$(5)$ Basic training should be imparted to the person who holds proper education.

He should trained for health related practice and License Medical Practitioner $(LMP)$ should be prepared.

$(6)$ Others:

The experience of the developed countries is Development is the best contraceptive.
Development will improve standard of living.
These people would prefer late marriages.
Small families, less children in a family etc.
Considering the concept of urbanization and industrialization and from the experience of developed countries, population can be control.

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Question 25 Marks

Discuss in details the causes for High Birth Rate.

Answer

$1.$ Introduction:

Problem of population of any nation lies on two basic factors:
$(1)$ Birth rate $(2)$ Death rate
Problem of population emerges when there is imbalance between birth rate and death rate.
In India the problem of p0pulation has risen due to imbalance between birth rate and death rate.
Death rate has rapidly decreased and that is one of the responsible factors.
Why birth rate is so high in India should be known thoroughly then the problem of population can be solved.

$2.$ Causes of High Birth Rate in India:

The birth rate shown the number of children born for every $1000$ people during the given year.
In the beginning of planning, in India $($in $1951)$ birth rate was $39.9.$
It is lower compare with death rate during the same period.
High birth rate is the cause of the problems of the population of India.
During the planning birth rate was quite high.
The factors responsible are divided as follow:
$(1)$ Social Factors $($Causes$)\ (2)$ Economic Factors $($Causes$)\ (3)$ Other Factors $($Causes$)$

$(A)$ Social Factors:
$(1)$ Universal Marriage System:

Marriage system is universal in India.

It is considered a religious "Sanskar".
Society suspects and looks with doubt towards an unmarried person.
Therefore a man and a woman marry.
Physically challenged people are no exception.
In developed countries many women who have reached marriageable age do not marry.
In India every female marries.
In India marriage is not only social custom but also it is considered semi religious obligation.
In the advanced countries marriage takes place only if economic condition is favorable.
While in India the concept is different.
Irrespective of being in hard pressed condition person marries, he may incurr in debt.
There is a proverb "An old man who dies may be a bachelor but a woman who died must be a married woman".
Thus due to universality of marriage system is the cause of high birth rate.

$(2)$ Early marriage and widow-remarriage:

Along with universality of marriage in India girls marry at quite early age.
There is law to prevent child marriage but it is not strictly implemented in many parts and child marriages take place.
For a girl the age of $18$ years is fixed yet in rural areas marriage take place below this fixed age of $18$ years for girls.
Lower castes believe in child marriages.
As the girls in India marry at early age their fertility span is quite long.
As a result the birth rate is high.
In India, a widow can remarry and law supports widow remarriages and with the expansion of education widow -remarriages are widely accepted in society.
This has resulted into high birth rate.

$(3)$ Craze for Male Child:

India is a male dominated country.
Due to three reasons sons are given more importance than daughters and preferred.
$(i)$ A strong belief in India prevails that a son's birth only can stop from reaching, parents the hell named 'Poo'.
$(ii)$ For procreation and in the craze for son.
$(iii)$ Sons are preferred for continuation of genealogy.
$(iv)$ To support them financially when they grow old, son is inevitable during illness.
In India blind faith and illiteracy prevails so much that children are considered gift of God.
Most of the people in India strongly believe that at least one son is a must to increase lineage and after death to perform the ceremony of 'Shraddh'.
Due to this reason the size of the family gets larger.

$(4)$ Joint Family System:

In rural areas of India joint family system is widespread.
The responsibility of upbringing of child is not only of its parents but also of the entire family, As a result child is never burdensome in a family.
As there is no economic responsibility of bringing up a child parents of the child become care free and give many births.
As a result birth rate gets higher.

$(B)$ Economic Factors:
$(1)$ Low Income $($Poverty$):$

When the income of a family is low the birth of a child is considered not a burden or an expense but an asset.
Majority of population in India reside in rural area.
Where the expense of giving birth to a child and bringing up a child is comparatively low.
On the other hand they are helpful to maintain family by being farm labourers.
In short in poor marginal family, the marginalized benefit of a child is higher than marginal expense of a child.
Therefore children are assets.
During planning, government has failed to reduce poverty and therefore birth rate is not reduced.
Even today in poor families very young children adds to family income by working on tea stalls on footpath.

$(2)$ Low level of Education:

Population growth and education are closely related with the increase of education.
The importance of small family is accepted.
The level of female education influences birth rate more.
It is proven by the experiences of various countries of the world compare to illiterate female primary educated, female prefers to give birth to less number of children.
The same concept is true for secondary and higher educated females compare to primary educated females.
In India, high level of illiteracy and low education $($primary school education$)$ are responsible factors for population growth.
With increase in female education, they give more importance to their career, material amenities, and so they are less prepared to take the responsibilities of children.
This keeps birth rate low.
In India there is high level of illiteracy and low level of employment of female.
Therefore children are not burden.
This leads to high birth rate.

$(3)$ High rate of Infant Mortality:

Out of every $1000$ children born in a given year the number of child deaths before one year is known as "infant mortality rate".
Compare to advance countries infant mortality rate is higher whether the child will survive or not.
This uncertainty sometimes leads to high birth rate even in educated families. e.g. In $1951$ infant mortality rate was $146$ which is reduced to $39$ in $2014$ in India.
Yet it is quite high in comparison to developed and advanced countries.
There are many causes of high infant mortality rate such as poverty, ignorance, inadequate health related services, less gap between two children, indifference towards girl child, frequent miscarriages, old blind belief of bringing up son, lack of adequate nutritive food etc.
In short, aware and unsatisfied motherly instinct, motivate females to increase the number of children for safety and security.

$(C)$ Other Factors:
$(1)$ High Fertility Rate:

The number of females having ability for motherhood, and the number of infants alive influence birth rate.
Normally the age between $14$ to $45$ is suitable for female to attain motherhood.
Every year out of every $1000$ females in the age group of $15$ to $49$ how many live children are given birth, is known as fertility rate.
In $1961$ among this age group an average woman gave birth to $6$ live children which in $2011$ decreased to $3$ still this level is considered high.
Due to the following reasons fertility rate of India is high.

$(1)$ Due to early marriage the fertility span is quite long.
$(2)$ The proportion of unmarried women who can attain motherhood in fertile age group is low.
$(3)$ High infant mortality rate is responsible because a newly born child may or may not live.

There is uncertainty which leads to high birth rate.

$(4)$ Joint family system is popular in India.

Responsibility of children is of the entire family, therefore the couple become irresponsible and increase the family.

$(5)$ As India having hot climate geographically, the fertility ability of female is more as a result fertility rate is higher.
$(2)$ Lack of Family Planning Information:

Family planning means through planned motherhood and fatherhood number of children and planned gap between two children in a family.
Family planning include the programme of giving birth to child is not by fate but through planning.
In India most of the population is orthodox and uneducated, due to wide-spreaded poverty, lack of adequate information, social and religious beliefs and customs, inadequate proportion of family planning are the obstacles in the activities of family planning.
Incentives offered to adopt family planning in India are quite insufficient.
Due to political reasons, certain incentives have not been implemented.
Government has ignored qualitative aspect of family planning and given more emphasis to result oriented factors.
As a result it has not become wide spread.

$(3)$ Other Factors:

In India unemployment, illness, inadequate security in old age and need of child in old age etc. are responsible factors for high birth rate.
In some religions the system of more than one wife is responsible for high birth rate.

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Question 35 Marks

Discuss in detail the gender ratio $($number of females per $1000$ males$).$

Answer

$1.$ Introduction:

The number of females per $1000$ males in a country is known as female-male ratio or gender ratio or sex ratio.
In India population census is conducted every $10$ years and calculated gender ratio on the basis of per $1000$ males against females.
Gender ratio must be known in the study of the problem of population.
This gender ratio reflects the mentality of society.
In some developed countries gender ratio of female male is more than $1000.$
In majority of developing countries it is less than $1000.$
In India this ratio is less than $1000.$
Only in Kerala in India this ratio is more than $1000.$
Certain social, economic and cultural factors are responsible for the disparity of this ratio in India.
Status of female has remained low $($secondary$)$ in Indian social order.
Since ancient time society has been male dominated.
Specially due to dowry system daughters are ignored.
Birth of a baby girl is considered burdensome.
Early marriage of girls, too many deliveries conversely affect their health, high death rate of girls etc. are responsible factors for less number of females than males in India.

$2.$ Gender Ratio in India:

The following table indicates gender ratio in India from $1901$ to $2011.$
It also indicates the average status of India along with Gujarat.

Gender Ratio in India

Year	Number of Females Per $1000$ males $($India$)$	Number of Females Per $1000$ males $($Gujarat$)$
$1901$ $1931$ $1961$ $1991$ $2001$ $2011$	$972$ $950$ $941$ $927$ $933$ $940$	$954$ $945$ $940$ $936$ $921$ $918$

Analysis or Conclusion$:(1)$ In nine decades from $1901$ to $1991$ number of females are decreasing per $1000$ males.

During the years between $2001$ and $2011$ there is nominal increase in the number of females per $1000$ males.
Two factors are responsible $(1)$ Save Girl Child campaign in the country $(2)$ Encouragement given to the birth of a baby girl.

$(2)$ In Gujarat there is constant decrease in female population per $1000$ males between the year $1901$ and $2011$ in $11$ decades.

In Gujarat in $1901$ the population of females was $954$ which has fallen to $918$ in $2011.$
This attitude represents indifference towards females.
In society compare to male child less care taken of a female child in respect of meal, health, education, etc. Through female feticide is legally strictly prohibited, in the present days medical instruments have been misused in female foeticide.
People have craze for son.
All this happens due to craze.
In some private clinics the law of female foeticide is not maintained strictly.
In reality it is difficult to stop this malpractice as long as there is change in the mentality of the people.

$(3)$ In the economically sound and prosperous states like Punjab, Gujarat and Haryana disparity between the number of females and males is observed more.
$(4)$ In $110$ years from $1901$ to $2011$ except during the year $2001$ to $2011$ there is constant decrease in gender ratio and disparity of female male ratio has been increasing.
$(5)$ It is a matter of concern regarding imbalance of gender that compare to the male child of age $6.$

The proportion of female child of the same age has remarkably decreased.
In the state of Kerala the population of girls is $960$ per $1000$ boys in the year $2001.$
If this attitude is continued the problem of gender imbalance, may become more dangerous in future.

$(6)$ In the developed countries the proportion between males and females is almost similar and in certain countries the population of females is more.

As per medical science if equal care is taken of both female and male, female is likely to live longer.
In India the number of females is decreasing per $1000$ males in India.

$(7)$ In India, Kerala is the only state where the population of female is higher than per $1000$ males.
$(8)$ Between the period $1901$ to $2011,$ except the year $1991$ this average rate of Gujarat is observed higher than average national rate.

During the remaining years imbalance of female population per $1000$ male is higher than the imbalance of the nation.

$(9)$ During the period between $1901$ to $2011$ the number of females has decreased from $972$ to $940$ per $1000$ males.

This is a matter of serious concern.

$3.$ Conclusion: Today's Dowry system may be changed in future, may be abolished because if the attitude in number of female continues to decrease and as its effect in future there will be shortage of girls compare to the boys which will create matrimonial problems in society.

It may happen that instead of girl boy has to give dowry for marriage.
To stop gender imbalance efforts should be made to increase females’ status, to stop dowry system, like males females should be given equal opportunities for employment and development.
Mainly the law of female foeticide should be strictly implemented.
Like sons daughters should be provided sufficient nutrition and education.
No discrimination exists in prosperous and educated families regarding developmental opportunities between sons and daughters.
The main problem is observed in backward, tribal and rural areas.

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Question 45 Marks

State and explain the economic causes for high birth-rate.

Answer

Economic factors:
$1.$ Low level of education:

Education, especially female education and population growth has a close relationship.
Inadequate education makes it difficult to understand the need for small families and as a result the family size tends to become large.
Education in female and the number of children in a family have an inverse relationship all over the world.
It has been found that compared to illiterate women, the woman who has had primary education gives birth to less number of children. This statement also holds true also while comparing women having primary education with women having middle school education.
From these facts, it can be said that the birth-rate is high because of illiteracy and low education.

$2.$ Low income level:

When the income level of a family is low, the birth-rate of a child is considered to be an asset rather than a burden. Such families believe in the saying of “more the merrier”.
Members of such families think that child born will also contribute to income of the family in future and hence they should give birth to more children. We see such mindset in people living on roadside and slums.

$3.$ High infant mortality rate:

Out of every $1000$ children born in a given year, the number of children that die within one year of age is known as infant mortality rate.
Infant mortality rate is quite high in India in comparison to developed countries.
The main reasons for high infant mortality rate are poverty, less care given to girl child, lack of nutritional food, frequent abortions among women, age- old practice in the upbringing of a child, inadequate medical facilities, less gap between two children, etc.

$(C)$ Other factors:
$1.$ High fertility rate:
Fertility rate refers to the number of children born out of every $1000$ females belonging to the age group of $15-49$ years.

High fertility is an important characteristic of Indian population.
In $1961,$ on an average a women belonging to this age group used to give birth to $6$ children. This fell to $3$ children in $2011.$ Still the number is quite high.

Reason for this characteristic are:

Early marriage leads to longer fertility period for women.
A very less number of women belonging to this fertile group are unmarried.

$2.$ Lack of family planning information:

The decisions taken regarding the size of family and maintaining gap between two children based on proper understanding i.e. a planned parenthood is called family planning.
In India, poverty, social customs and religious beliefs combined with low level of education worked as obstacles to family planning.
Lack of knowledge regarding the tools of family planning and sometimes scarcity of such tools also leads to high birth-rate

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Question 55 Marks

Examine the nature of population in India.

Answer

$1.$ Introduction:

It is necessary to know the trends or nature of population to know the problems of population in India.
Trends of population means interpretation of statistical date of the size of the population, rate of the growth of population, birth rate, death rate, rural and urban population, gender ratio, age group wise classification of population etc.
In $1817$ Jamshedji Tata conducted first population census.
Then in India in $1891$ the work of population census was started being done systematically.
After that every year it has been conducted.
The first census of independent India was conducted in $1951.$
Analyzing the data of census between $1911$ and $2011,$ following trends are observed in the $7$ decades of planning.

$2.$ Trends of Population $($Nature$):(1)$ Size of Population:

India hold $2nd$ rank in population in the world.
In $1951$ the population of the nation was $36.1$ crore which increased to $121.8$ crore in $2011.$
Every year there is addition of $170$ lacs of population in India.
In other words every year there is increase in population equal to the population of Australia.
If current population increase is not controlled ,then as per world Development Report, by $2050$ India will be the country with the highest
population of $164$ crore.

$(2)$ Rate of Population Growth:

In $1951$ the average rate of population growth was $1.25\%$ which in $1981$ increased to $2.22\%.$
Then there was constant decrease.
In $2011$ this rate has come to $1.64\%.$
Considering the seriousness of the problem of population after $1981$ effective measures being taken in the area of population control.
The rate is decreasing and the goal of zero growth rate to be achieved by $2045$ is the goal set in National Population Policy of $2000.$

$(3)$ Birth-rate:

Every year per population of $1000$ the number of children born alive in the country or in the specific area is known as birth rate.
In India in $1951$ the birth rate was $39.9$ which has reduced to $21.8$ in $2011$ means in the 6 decades of planning there is reduction of $18.1.$

$(4)$ Death-rate:

The average number of death occurring every year per population of $1000$ is known as death rate.
In $1951$ in India the death rate was $27.4$ which reduced to $7.1$ in $2011.$
In this time duration it has reduced remarkably by $20.3.$
The problem of population has become severe in India because compare to birth rate there is more reduction in death rate in India.
During planning sizeable reduction in death rate has been possible due to the reasons like control over famine, improvement in standard of living, improved scope of health related facilities, increase in education, revolutionary charges in medical and surgery branch, control over infection diseases, and proper health policy of the government.

$(5)$ Proportion of Rural and Urban Population:

The number of people residing in rural area and in urban area can be known through the proportion of population.
Normally along with economic development the proportion of people residing in the rural area decreases and the percentage in urban area is found increasing.
In India in $1951, 82.8\%$ population was residing in rural area and $17.2\%$ population was residing in the urban area which has reduced in rural area to $68\%$ and increased to $32\%$ in the urban area.

$(6)$ Male Female ratio in Population:

The number of males and females in the total population of India is known as the proportion of males and females.
During the planning in India, the population of male and female was increasing.
In $1951,$ the population of males was $18.88$ crore which increased to $62.32$ crore in $2011.$
Out of total population the percentage of the population of male was $51.37\%$ which increased to $51.47\%.$
Means there is increase of $0.10\%$ while in the similar period female population is increased from $17.56$ crore to $58.76$ crore.
Looking to the percentage the female population, reduced from $48.63\%$ to $48.43\%$ means there was decreased of $0.20\%.$ Decreasing number of females against males may create challenges in future.

$(7)$ Gender Ratio in India:

The number of females against $1000$ males in a country is known as male female ratio or gender ratio.
If there is disparity between male female ratio many problems in society may arise such as marriage, family, economic order etc.
Except Kerala in India in other regions per $1000$ males the number of females is less.
In $2011$ in India there is $940$ females per $1000$ males.

$(8)$ Age Group wise Population:

Active labour force in the country can be known through the study of population according to age group.
In India people of the age group between $15$ and $64$ are included as working age group.
It is known as active labour force of the nation.
From $2005$ to $2014$ there were $32.78\%$ people in the age group of $0-14$ years of age which reduced to $29.21\%.$
In the same way the proportion of the age group above $65$ years has increased from $4.78$ to $5.49\%.$
Working labour group proportion $(15-64$ years$)$ has increased from $62.44\%$ to $65.03\%.$
Which is good for the development of the nation.

$(9)$ Density of Population:

Population is increasing in India day by day.
In India in $2011,$ density of population was $382$ people per one square km.
The highest number of population is in Delhi and the lowest is in Arunachal Pradesh.

$(10)$ Others:

In India during planning, expected birth proportion is considerably increased.
In the beginning of the planning expected life span was only $32$ years which has increased to $68$ years in $2014.$
In $2011$ in India, the rate of literacy is $69.$
The highest literacy rate is in Kerala and the lowest is in Bihar.

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Question 65 Marks

Give the details of the trends of population during the planning of India.

Answer

$1.$ Introduction:

It is necessary to know the trends or nature of population to know the problems of population in India.
Trends of population means interpretation of statistical date of the size of the population, rate of the growth of population, birth rate, death rate, rural and urban population, gender ratio, age group wise classification of population etc.
In $1817$ Jamshedji Tata conducted first population census.
Then in India in $1891$ the work of population census was started being done systematically.
After that every year it has been conducted.
The first census of independent India was conducted in $1951.$
Analyzing the data of census between $1911$ and $2011,$ following trends are observed in the $7$ decades of planning.

$2.$ Trends of Population $($Nature$):(1)$ Size of Population:

India hold $2nd$ rank in population in the world.

In $1951$ the population of the nation was $36.1$ crore which increased to $121.8$ crore in $2011.$
Every year there is addition of $170$ lacs of population in India.
In other words every year there is increase in population equal to the population of Australia.
If current population increase is not controlled ,then as per world Development Report, by $2050$ India will be the country with the highest population of $164$ crore.

$(2)$ Rate of Population Growth:

In $1951$ the average rate of population growth was $1.25\%$ which in $1981$ increased to $2.22\%.$
Then there was constant decrease.
In $2011$ this rate has come to $1.64\%.$
Considering the seriousness of the problem of population after $1981$ effective measures being taken in the area of population control.
The rate is decreasing and the goal of zero growth rate to be achieved by $2045$ is the goal set in National Population Policy of $2000.$

$(3)$ Birth-rate:

Every year per population of $1000$ the number of children born alive in the country or in the specific area is known as birth rate.
In India in $1951$ the birth rate was $39.9$ which has reduced to $21.8$ in $2011$ means in the 6 decades of planning there is reduction of $18.1.$

$(4)$ Death-rate:

The average number of death occurring every year per population of $1000$ is known as death rate.
In $1951$ in India the death rate was $27.4$ which reduced to $7.1$ in $2011.$
In this time duration it has reduced remarkably by $20.3.$
The problem of population has become severe in India because compare to birth rate there is more reduction in death rate in India.
During planning sizeable reduction in death rate has been possible due to the reasons like control over famine, improvement in standard of living, improved scope of health related facilities, increase in education, revolutionary charges in medical and surgery branch, control over infection diseases, and proper health policy of the government.

$(5)$ Proportion of Rural and Urban Population:

The number of people residing in rural area and in urban area can be known through the proportion of population.
Normally along with economic development the proportion of people residing in the rural area decreases and the percentage in urban area is found increasing.
In India in $1951, 82.8\%$ population was residing in rural area and $17.2\%$ population was residing in the urban area which has reduced in rural area to $68\%$ and increased to $32\%$ in the urban area.

$(6)$ Male Female ratio in Population:

The number of males and females in the total population of India is known as the proportion of males and females.
During the planning in India, the population of male and female was increasing.
In $1951,$ the population of males was $18.88$ crore which increased to $62.32$ crore in $2011.$
Out of total population the percentage of the population of male was $51.37\%$ which increased to $51.47\%.$
Means there is increase of $0.10\%$ while in the similar period female population is increased from $17.56$ crore to $58.76$ crore.
Looking to the percentage the female population, reduced from $48.63\%$ to $48.43\%$ means there was decreased of $0.20\%.$ Decreasing number of females against males may create challenges in future.

$(7)$ Gender Ratio in India:

The number of females against $1000$ males in a country is known as male female ratio or gender ratio.
If there is disparity between male female ratio many problems in society may arise such as marriage, family, economic order etc.
Except Kerala in India in other regions per $1000$ males the number of females is less.
In $2011$ in India there is $940$ females per $1000$ males.

$(8)$ Age Group wise Population:

Active labour force in the country can be known through the study of population according to age group.
In India people of the age group between $15$ and $64$ are included as working age group.
It is known as active labour force of the nation.
From $2005$ to $2014$ there were $32.78\%$ people in the age group of $0-14$ years of age which reduced to $29.21\%$.
In the same way the proportion of the age group above $65$ years has increased from $4.78$ to $5.49\%.$
Working labour group proportion $(15-64$ years$)$ has increased from $62.44\%$ to $65.03\%.$
Which is good for the development of the nation.

$(9)$ Density of Population:

Population is increasing in India day by day.
In India in $2011,$ density of population was $382$ people per one square km.
The highest number of population is in Delhi and the lowest is in Arunachal Pradesh.

$(10)$ Others:

In India during planning, expected birth proportion is considerably increased.
In the beginning of the planning expected life span was only $32$ years which has increased to $68$ years in $2014.$
In $2011$ in India, the rate of literacy is $69.$
The highest literacy rate is in Kerala and the lowest is in Bihar.

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Question 75 Marks

Discuss in detail the size of population in India and its Growth Rate.

Answer

$1.$ Introduction:

Information regarding the size and growth of population of any country is necessary to understand the problem of population of any nation.
In $1981$ the population census was conducted systematically.
Then onwards it is conducted every $10$ years.
Size of population means total population of India during different years or the proportion of population.
Increase in population is known as growth of population.

$2.$ Size of population in India and the Growth Rate of Population :

$($The size of population in India and growth rate of population$)\ (1901$ to $2011)$

Year	Population in Crore	Average Yearly Growth Rate in Percentage
$1901$ $1921$ $1951$ $1981$ $2001$ $2011$	$23.8$ $25.1$ $36.1$ $68.3$ $102.7$ $121.8$	$+0.08$ $-0.03$ $+1.25$ $+2.22$ $+1.93$ $+1.64$

$3.$ Conclusions regarding the size of population in India:
$(1)$ In the beginning of the $20th$ century means in $1901$ the population of India was $23.8$ crore which increased to $36.1$ crore in $1951$ means in the first $50$ years the population increased one and half times.
$(2)$ In the middIe of the $20th$ Century, the population of India was $36.1$ crore in $1951$ which increased to $102.7$ crore in $2001$ means in the next $50$ years the proportion $($size$)$ of population increased by almost three times.
From $1951$ to $2001$ there was increase of $66.6$ crore in the size of the population.
$(3)$ In the period between $1901$ and $1921,$ there is increase at slow speed.
From $1911$ to $1921$ in this decade the decrease of $0.1$ crore in population is registered $(25.2-25.1)$ from the view point of percentage the decline is of $0.3$ percent. The reason for decline in population was frequent famine, high rate of infectious epidemics such as cholera, plague, $T.B.,$ malaria, influenza etc. resulted into high death rate.
$(4)$ Except the ear $1921$ on wards every year population has been increasing in India.
The year $1921$ is known as "Great Dividing Year" from the view point of population growth.
$(5)$ As per world Development Report of $1997$ the population of India will be $93$ crore by the end of $1995.$
$(6)$ From the angle of the size of population china stands first in the world and India stands second.
As per the report of census of $2011$ during $2011$ to $2015,$ In India population is estimated $139.88$ crore.
$(7)$ As per current situation, India’s yearly increase is approximately $170$ lakh.
$4.$ Conclusion of India's growth rate of population:

During the $20th$ century, the following conclusions are derived from the study of the rate of population growth in India.

$(1)$ In $1901$ the average increasing rate of population was $+0.08$ percent, which was less than $1$ percent.
$(2)$ During the decade from $1901$ to $1911$ the population was increased by $5.7$ percent.

In $1911$ India's average population growth rate was $0.57$ percent.

$(3)$ During the decade $1911$ to $1921$ there is decline in population by $0.3$ percent.

In $1921$ the average growth rate of population has remained $0.3$ percent.
Its main causes are frequent famines and epidemics like cholera, plaque, $T.B.,$ malaria, influenza and other infectious diseases e.g. In $1918-19$ due to the epidemic of influenza almost $5\%$ of population of the subcontinent Hind had died.

$(4)$ After each decade of $1921$ growth rate of population is observed higher than $1.0$ percent.
$(5)$ In $1951$ average rate of the growth of population in India was $+1.25$ percent.

Every ten year it has increased in percentage and in $1981$ the average growth rate of population has remained the highest $+2.22$ percent.

$(6)$ After $1981$ considering the seriousness of the problem of population growth, government has implemented encouraging policy to control population.

The average population rate has decreased.
Yet the growth rate of population of this decade has been more than $2$ percent.

$(7)$ After formulation of new population policy average growth rate of the population of the decade has fallen by $2\%.$

Government has been successful. $E.g.$ In $2011$ the increased rate of percentage is of the decade is $17.70,$ while average increase of percentage of population growth rate is $1.64.$

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Question 85 Marks

Mention the causes of low death rate in India.

Answer

$1.$ Introduction:

During planning the main cause of population in India during planning is compare to birth rate there is considerable reduction in death rate.
"Every year the number of deaths per $1000$ population is known as death rate."
In India in $1951$ the death rate was $27.4$ which is reduced to $7.1$ in $2011.$
Means there is reduction of $20.3$ which is higher than the decreased birth rate $(18.1)$ during the same period.
Therefore the problem of population has become acute.

$2.$ Causes of Low Death Rate:

During planning there was rapid decline in death rate in India.
The cause of which are below mentioned.

$(1)$ Improved Standard of Living:

Due to economic progress the income has raised as a result the standard of living of the people is improved.
They have been financially affording quality food grain, good health and related treatment and sufficient education.
There has been remarkable increase in their income and health related awareness therefore death rate has fallen considerably.

$(2)$ Control over deadly epidemics:

In the second half of the $20th$ century plague, small box, $T.B.,$ Malaria etc. were considered deadly diseases which contributed to very high death rate with marvelous progress of medical science due to vaccines to result various diseases, new medicines through research and development and extraordinary equipments of surgery have contributed remarkably in low death rate.
During planning due to spread of education information regarding diseases, and its remedies death rate has fallen. Increased level of female's education is one of the major factors in improvement of health.
Death rate has fallen due to small size of family which provides wider scope for child care.

$(3)$ Control on Drought $($Famine$):$

Due to the progress of science and technology natural calamities such as heavy rainfall, flood, famine etc. have been controlled through well planning.
Since $1966$ due to green revolution there is remarkable increase in the supply of food grains.
On the other hand due to speedy services of transportation facility at the time of natural calamity like draught, food grains are easily transported from the area of plenty to the scarcity area.
This has reduced death rate at the time of famine.
Human beings are saved from dyeing of starvation E.g. In India after the famine of Bengal in the year $1942-43$ no such harmful effect of drought is observed in the country.

$(4)$ Natural Calamities and rapid Transportation:

In the earlier days in the country death rate was high due to natural calamities high due to natural calamities such as drought, earthquake, flood, landslide, tsunami etc.
Today due to modern facilities of rapid transportation medicines, food grains, necessities of first aid etc. relief are made available immediately.
Besides political relations being wide spread at global level during natural calamities immediate relief is obtained from other countries which has reduced death rate compare to earlier time when this relief was not available immediately.
Food grains, buffer stock, flood control, advance warning of flood or tsunami etc. have contributed to low death rate.
Social welfare organizations performance is more effective and rapid than government machinery to control death-rate occurring during natural calamities.

$(5)$ Increasing Health related facilities:

One of the main factors for low death rate is encouraging government policy related to health.
Primary health centers are established in the villages, pure potable water supply, has controlled many water based diseases. Importance is given to latrine, drainage and cleanliness campaign, has controlled air based diseases.
Along with the health related facilities with the spread of education people have become more aware regarding health related issues. Specially educated mothers have become more aware regarding the health of their children, which has decreased death rate. Death rate during delivery has fallen too.

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Question 95 Marks

Give the meaning of birth rate. Discuss the social causes for high birth rate.

Answer

Meaning: Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a year.
Social Causes for High Birth Rate:
1. Universality of Marriage: Marriage is seen as a social and religious obligation for everyone.
2. Early Marriage and Remarriage: Young age at marriage leads to a longer fertile period.
3. Preference for a Male Child: Families continue to have children until a son is born due to cultural reasons.
4. Joint Family System: Financial burden of a child is shared, making people less worried about having more children.

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Question 105 Marks

From the below mentioned statistical information of India's Birth-rate and Death-rate, draw a clustered bar diagram and analyse it.

Year	Birth-Rate (Per 1000 persons)	Death-Rate (Per 1000 persons)
1951	39.9	27.4
2011	21.8	7.1

Answer

To solve this, draw two bars for each year side-by-side on the X-axis representing Birth Rate and Death Rate respectively.
Analysis:
1. In 1951, the Birth Rate was high at 39.9 and Death Rate was 27.4.
2. By 2011, both rates have significantly decreased.
3. The Death Rate has fallen more sharply than the Birth Rate (7.1 vs 21.8).
4. The gap between Birth Rate and Death Rate remains significant, indicating high population growth.

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Question 115 Marks

Explain in detail the methods to control population in India.

Answer

1. Mass Education and Awareness: Using media to explain the benefits of small families.
2. Family Planning Services: Making contraceptives available and affordable.
3. Increasing Female Literacy and Status: Educated women tend to have fewer children.
4. Raising Marriageable Age: Implementing laws to prevent early marriage.
5. Incentives and Disincentives: Rewards for small families.

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Question 125 Marks

Give the meaning of birth rate and state the formula to calculate birth rate and explain the economic reasons (causes) for high birth rate in India.

Answer

Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 people in a year.
Formula: (Total number of live births in a year / Total population) * 1000.
Economic Causes:
1. Low Level of Education: Lack of awareness about family planning.
2. Low Level of Income: Children are often seen as 'extra hands' to earn money for the poor.
3. High Infant Mortality Rate: Parents have more children to ensure some survive to adulthood.

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Question 135 Marks

Give the meaning of death rate and explain causes for low death rate.

Answer

Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people in a year.
Causes for low death rate:
1. Improvement in Medical Science: Better treatments and vaccines for diseases.
2. Control of Epidemics: Successful control of plague, cholera, etc.
3. Control on Famines: Improved transport and food distribution systems prevent starvation.
4. Spread of Education: Awareness about health and hygiene.

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Economics 5 Marks Each

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